Quantum Assistant: Specialization of Multimodal Models for Quantum Computing

The first multimodal Vision-Language Model specialized for quantum computing with Qiskit

Model Description

This model is a fine-tuned version of Qwen3-VL-8B-Instruct specialized for quantum computing tasks using Qiskit 2.0. This model can interpret visual representations of quantum computing: circuit diagrams, Bloch spheres, and measurement histograms.

The model was trained using PiSSA (Principal Singular Values and Singular Vectors Adaptation) with rank 16 for 1 epoch on the Quantum Assistant Dataset. PiSSA uses SVD-based initialization. This model was part of the Phase 1 PEFT comparison experiments and was not evaluated on external benchmarks.

Key Capabilities

Code Generation: Generate complete Qiskit code from natural language descriptions
Function Completion: Complete function bodies from signatures and docstrings
Visual Understanding: Interpret quantum circuit diagrams, Bloch spheres, and histograms
Conceptual Explanations: Answer questions about quantum computing theory
Qiskit 2.0 Compliant: Uses modern APIs (SamplerV2, EstimatorV2, generate_preset_pass_manager)

Training Evaluation

This model was part of the Phase 1 PEFT variant comparison experiments. It was not evaluated on external benchmarks (Qiskit HumanEval, Qiskit HumanEval Hard, or synthetic test set).

Internal Validation Metrics

Metric	Value	Step
Eval Loss	0.657	183 (final)
Eval Token Accuracy	0.812	183 (final)
Train Loss	0.654	183 (final)
Train Token Accuracy	0.818	183 (final)
Training Runtime	1,172 seconds (~19.5 min)	1 epoch

PEFT Comparison Analysis

PiSSA showed slower convergence than rsLoRA in Phase 1 experiments:

Final validation loss: 0.657 vs 0.622 for rsLoRA (5.6% higher)
SVD initialization did not provide advantages for this task
Training time ~10% longer than vanilla LoRA due to SVD overhead

PEFT Comparison
Comparison of PEFT variants: (a) validation loss, (b) token accuracy, (c) training time

Conclusion: SVD-based initialization (PiSSA) underperformed compared to rsLoRA's rank stabilization, making it less suitable for this quantum computing domain.

Training Strategy

The experimental strategy was organized in two phases: PEFT technique selection and hyperparameter optimization.

Phase 1: PEFT Variant Comparison

Five LoRA variants were compared with controlled configuration (r=16, α=32, 1 epoch):

Variant	Eval Loss ↓	Eval Accuracy ↑	Runtime (s)
rsLoRA	0.622	0.818	1,060
DoRA	0.622	0.818	2,307
rsLoRA (frozen aligner)	0.623	0.817	1,057
LoRA (vanilla)	0.646	0.812	1,056
PiSSA	0.657	0.812	1,172
OLoRA	0.742	0.794	1,067

PEFT Comparison
Comparison of PEFT variants: (a) validation loss, (b) token accuracy, (c) training time

Key findings:

rsLoRA and DoRA achieved equivalent performance (Eval Loss 0.622)
DoRA has 2.18× computational overhead (2,307s vs 1,060s) due to magnitude-direction decomposition
rsLoRA selected for optimal performance-efficiency trade-off

PEFT Training Curves
Convergence curves of validation loss for PEFT variants

Phase 2: Rank and Epoch Optimization

With rsLoRA selected, the impact of adapter rank and training duration was investigated:

Configuration	Eval Loss ↓	Eval Accuracy ↑	Notes
r=32, 1 epoch	0.607	0.821	Optimal trade-off
r=64, 1 epoch	0.609	0.822	Marginal improvement
r=16, 1 epoch	0.622	0.818	Baseline rsLoRA
r=32, 2 epochs	0.638	0.825	Slight overfitting
r=128, 3 epochs	0.789	0.822	Severe overfitting

Rank Comparison
Impact of adapter rank on validation loss

Overfitting analysis: (a) r32-2ep configuration, (b) r128-3ep configuration

Conclusions: rsLoRA with r=32 and 1-2 epochs maximizes generalization while avoiding memorization of the synthetic dataset.

Model Collection

This model is part of the Quantum Assistant collection. All models are merged versions ready for inference:

Model	Configuration	Description
Qwen3-VL-8B-rslora-r32-2	rsLoRA r=32, 2 epochs	Best overall performance
Qwen3-VL-8B-rslora-r32	rsLoRA r=32, 1 epoch	Best generalization
Qwen3-VL-8B-rslora-r64	rsLoRA r=64, 1 epoch	Higher capacity
Qwen3-VL-8B-rslora-r128	rsLoRA r=128, 1 epoch	Maximum capacity
Qwen3-VL-8B-lora	LoRA r=16, 1 epoch	Vanilla LoRA
Qwen3-VL-8B-dora	DoRA r=16, 1 epoch	Magnitude-direction decomposition
Qwen3-VL-8B-pissa	PiSSA r=16, 1 epoch	SVD initialization
Qwen3-VL-8B-olora	OLoRA r=16, 1 epoch	QR orthonormal initialization
Qwen3-VL-8B-rslora-frozen	rsLoRA r=16, frozen aligner	Ablation study
Qwen3-VL-8B-rslora	rsLoRA r=16, 1 epoch	Baseline rsLoRA

Usage

With vLLM

python -m vllm.entrypoints.openai.api_server \
    --host 0.0.0.0 \
    --port 8000 \
    --model samuellimabraz/Qwen3-VL-8B-pissa \
    --gpu-memory-utilization 0.92 \
    --max-model-len 12288 \
    --max-num-seqs 16 \
    --max-num-batched-tokens 49152 \
    --enable-chunked-prefill \
    --enable-prefix-caching

With Transformers

from transformers import Qwen3VLForConditionalGeneration, AutoProcessor
from qwen_vl_utils import process_vision_info

model = Qwen3VLForConditionalGeneration.from_pretrained(
    "samuellimabraz/Qwen3-VL-8B-pissa",
    torch_dtype="auto",
    device_map="auto"
)
processor = AutoProcessor.from_pretrained("samuellimabraz/Qwen3-VL-8B-pissa")

messages = [
    {"role": "system", "content": "You are a quantum computing expert assistant specializing in Qiskit."},
    {"role": "user", "content": "Create a function that builds a 3-qubit GHZ state and returns the circuit."}
]

messages_with_image = [
    {"role": "system", "content": "You are a quantum computing expert assistant specializing in Qiskit."},
    {"role": "user", "content": [
        {"type": "image", "image": "path/to/circuit.png"},
        {"type": "text", "text": "Implement the quantum circuit shown in the image."}
    ]}
]

text = processor.apply_chat_template(messages, tokenize=False, add_generation_prompt=True)
image_inputs, video_inputs = process_vision_info(messages)
inputs = processor(
    text=[text],
    images=image_inputs,
    videos=video_inputs,
    padding=True,
    return_tensors="pt"
).to(model.device)

generated_ids = model.generate(**inputs, max_new_tokens=1024)
output = processor.batch_decode(
    generated_ids[:, inputs.input_ids.shape[1]:], 
    skip_special_tokens=True
)[0]
print(output)

Training Details

Dataset

Training Data: Quantum Assistant Dataset
Train Samples: 5,837 (45.1% multimodal)
Validation Samples: 1,239 (45.2% multimodal)
Task Distribution: 30% function completion, 32% code generation, 38% QA
Categories: 7 quantum computing domains

Training Configuration

Parameter	Value
Base Model	Qwen/Qwen3-VL-8B-Instruct
PEFT Method	PiSSA (SVD initialization)
Rank (r)	16
Alpha (α)	32
Dropout	0.05
Target Modules	all-linear
Learning Rate	2e-4
LR Scheduler	Cosine
Weight Decay	0.01
Warmup Steps	10
Epochs	1
Batch Size	16
Precision	bfloat16
Framework	ms-swift

Freezing Strategy

Component	Status
Vision Encoder (ViT)	❄️ Frozen
Vision-Language Aligner	🔥 Trainable
Language Model (LLM)	🔥 Trainable

Training Infrastructure

GPU: NVIDIA RTX PRO 6000 Blackwell Server Edition (96GB VRAM)
Training Time: ~19.5 minutes (1 epoch)
Tracking: Weights & Biases | TensorBoard

System Prompt

You are a quantum computing expert assistant specializing in Qiskit.
Provide accurate, clear, and well-structured responses about quantum computing concepts,
algorithms, and code implementation. Use Qiskit 2.0 best practices.

Intended Uses & Limitations

Intended Uses

Educational assistance: Learning quantum computing concepts with Qiskit
Code generation: Creating Qiskit circuits from descriptions or diagrams
Documentation: Understanding quantum circuit visualizations
Research prototyping: Rapid development of quantum algorithms

Limitations

Domain specificity: Optimized for Qiskit 2.0; may generate deprecated APIs for older versions
Dataset size: Trained on 5,837 samples; may underperform on rare edge cases
Category imbalance: Better performance on circuits_and_gates than primitives_and_execution
Hardware specifics: Limited coverage of IBM Quantum hardware-specific optimizations
Execution: Generated code requires verification before running on real quantum hardware

Bias and Risks

Model may perpetuate patterns from training data
Visual understanding limited to common diagram styles in Qiskit documentation
May generate syntactically correct but logically incorrect quantum algorithms
Should not be used for production quantum computing without human review

Citation

If you use this model in your research, please cite:

@misc{braz2025quantumassistant,
  title={Quantum Assistant: Especializa{\c{c}}{\~a}o de Modelos Multimodais para Computa{\c{c}}{\~a}o Qu{\^a}ntica},
  author={Braz, Samuel Lima and Leite, Jo{\~a}o Paulo Reus Rodrigues},
  year={2025},
  institution={Universidade Federal de Itajub{\'a} (UNIFEI)},
  url={https://github.com/samuellimabraz/quantum-assistant}
}