Datasets:
step
int64 0
9.69k
| grad_acc_step
int64 0
7
| seq_idx
int64 0
3
| text
stringlengths 3.84k
25.9k
|
|---|---|---|---|
0
| 1
| 0
|
纪元记者张婷综合报导）以色列总理本雅明‧内塔尼亚胡（Benjamin Netanyahu）披露了对加沙的第一个战后官方计划，称以色列将保持对巴勒斯坦地区的安全控制，并使重建依赖于非军事化。
据路透社报导，该计划汇集了以色列一系列既定立场，强调了内塔尼亚胡对建立巴勒斯坦国的抵制。总理认为，巴勒斯坦国是一种安全威胁，但他没有明确排除在未来某个阶段建立巴勒斯坦国的可能性。
内塔尼亚胡的战后计划文件提议，以色列将维持对约旦以西所有土地的安全控制，包括被占领的约旦河西岸和加沙地带。而巴勒斯坦人则希望在这些地区建立一个独立国家。
内塔尼亚胡周四（2月22日）向安全内阁提交了这一计划。在列出的长期目标中，内塔尼亚胡拒绝“单方面承认”巴勒斯坦国。他表示，只有通过双方直接谈判，才能与巴勒斯坦人达成和解，但他没有透露巴勒斯坦一方是谁。
在加沙，以色列建议用当地代表取代哈马斯的行政控制。这些代表“不隶属于恐怖国家或组织，也不受他们的财政支持”，并将加沙的非军事化和去激进化作为中期要实现的目标。
“总理的原则文件反映了公众对战争目标的广泛共识，也反映了公众对以文官取代哈马斯在加沙统治的广泛共识。”内塔尼亚胡办公室发表声明说。
巴勒斯坦很快就驳回了这一战后计划。巴勒斯坦权力机构主席（Palestinian Authority President）马哈茂德‧阿巴斯（Mahmoud Abbas）的发言人告诉路透社，内塔尼亚胡的提案注定会失败。
以色列的主要盟友美国一直支持两国方案。美国国务卿安东尼‧布林肯（Antony Blinken）周五（2月23日）表示，美国对以色列宣布在被占领的约旦河西岸建造新定居点的计划感到失望，称这些计划对实现持久和平起反作用。
“它们也不符合国际法。我们的政府坚决反对扩建定居点，我们认为这只会削弱而不是加强以色列的安全。”布林肯说。
责任编辑：林妍#History of youth work
History of youth work
In a number of countries youth work definitions and missions recently have been under discussion and also on a European level the new EU framework for youth policy comes up with a new role for a more professionalised youth work. What lessons can we draw from youth work's history?
Youth Work in times of change
Youth work has always played a role in broader social and pedagogical strategies but there is indeed a risk of instrumentalisation and youth work becoming a weapon for all targets. This ambivalent position of youth work practice lead to a discussion on youth work's identity and its essential features. Especially the reframing from a so-called passive welfare state into an active welfare state has re-emphasised the moral and pedagogical role of youth work and this has led to a revaluation of historical consciousness in youth work practice, policy and research especially in the UK and in Germany. This interest in youth work's history has recently been taken up by the EU-CoE Youth Partnership, finding its way to Belgium with the organisation of two expert seminars and the first European Conference on Youth Work History.
What we tend to think of as ‘the essential features' of youth work is carried by young people, policymakers, researchers, youth workers, parents and other social professionals. Youth work is group work, work in leisure time, based on informal learning, based on association and recreation, …These characterics have a long history. They sometimes structure our practices without being visible or questionable. Therefore it is useful to be aware of where we come from and where we think we are going. How did youth work principles evolve through history? Which evidences have been thrown overboard and why? Which policies have already been tried before, although they are now introduced as brand-new? History won't tell us what to do in the future, but it is a mirror in which today's practices and policies can be critically examined.
Different roots, from lifeworld to system
Youth work is known now as a social and pedagogical intervention in the third socialisation environment. It has its roots however in the school on the one hand and poverty relief on the other hand. The school formed a platform for young people to be together, celebrating autonomy, creating an own youth culture and cherishing an own, youthful perspective on society. In that sense school was the cradle of different youth movements at the end of the 19th Century, with the German Wandervögel as a well-known exponent. The Wandervögel were formed by some college students who resisted the huge social transformations (industrialisation, proletarisation, urbanisation, …) of the time. They did not want to uncritically follow in the footsteps of their fathers. They sang, hiked and camped and created a distinct youth culture.
In about the same period there were people that suffered from exactly the same huge transformations: working class kids who were unemployed or too young to work, spending their days wandering on the streets and often committing petty crime. Well-meaning people from bourgeoisie or church took care of these young people from the working class. They were brought together in what was called ‘patronages', ‘settlements' or ‘oratorio'. The Italian priest don Bosco is a famous pioneer here. In these youth care institutions children and young people could come to play and enjoy themselves. Adult counsellors certainly hoped that they also could motivate young people to pray and to learn. In that sense youth work also descended from social work.
Both youth work as social work or youth work as youth movement existed in about every European country. In these roots one can identify two powerful and often competing sources of inspiration: the social question and the youth question. The former started up as a public intervention to deal with the integration of the lower social classes in mainstream society. The latter starts from a lifeworld perspective and is an attempt to change society so that it fits better the needs of young people, emancipating as a distinct age group. Depending on the perspective one takes, the integration efforts take into account either the social context, or the individual development of young people. Throughout history, youth work has always been oscillating between its two legs, showing itself as a ‘social' practice mediating between private aspirations of young people and public expectations from the established society.
Youth Work, a social practice
Out of these practices of ‘youth work avant-la-lettre' grew what we know now as youth work. There were different people in many countries trying to establish youth work as a practice that could merge the best of both worlds. A youth social work approach, emphasising the concerns of adults society would not appeal to young people. A youth movement approach is appealing to young people, but could potentially disintegrate young people from adult society. The story of famous youth work thinkers, who founded a movement that conquered the world, can illustrate these attempts to establish a youth work method appealing to young people and answering to adult concerns.
- The British officer Baden-Powell was the founder of Scouting. Inspired by different educational thinkers he invented a method that ‘guided without dictation'; a method that gave young people a sense of self-government and that applied the longing for adventure and nature to learning different skills. The final aim was to install sense of citizenship, so that the social cohesion of society could be safeguarded.
- The Belgian priest Cardijn on the other hand respected Scouting, but thought that the method focused too much on individual integration in prevailing society. He saw that working class kids did not take part a lot in scouting and founded his own movement: the Catholic Working Youth.
In this fragment one can clearly observe how the development of ‘youth work' was from the very beginning interwoven with questions on diversity and equality as well as questions on exclusion and inclusion. The approach of Baden-Powell can be called a transit-zone approach: youth work is constructed as an instrument for social education and citizenship training. The movement of Cardijn can be seen as fulfilling a social forum function: youth work is a social educational practice, bringing young people together discussing their needs, reflecting on their lives, preparing collective action to change social circumstances, … In both cases play, making fun, association and recreation are the features that make youth work effective and attractive.
Do we invest in youth work as a general provision aiming at the ideal individual development of young people in the public interest of social cohesion? Or do we aim towards a differentiated youth work field that connects to young people's lifeworld, needs and aspirations and consequently reaches out to different categories of young people? Which investment gives young people the best chances for empowerment? These are perennial themes that have to be brought to discussion, always against the background of a changing society and a diversity of situations in which different young people grow up.
In many youth work practices youth work was (and is) deliberately constructed as a transit(ional) zone between the private lifeworld and the public system, focusing on individual development and smooth integration into existing society. Policymakers, youth workers and researchers then find each other in the construction of ideal developmental trajectories and transitions for the young. And so, as other forms of social work (in a broad sense), youth work has increasingly been constructed as a tool to integrate individual young people in the prevailing adult society. It is striking how in many European countries ‘social inclusion' (or exclusion) has been constructed as an individual asset, not as part of the social quality of society.
In youth work practices that are inspired by their youth movement descent, youth work defines itself rather as a social forum. In this approach youth work is social work and is less concerned with imposing individual solutions to social problems, rather it is the task to engage with young people in defining problems. Social inclusion is not seen as the result of the harmonious development of an individual young citizen, but as a social learning process that takes into account diversity, but problematises inequality.
Youth work between system and lifeworld1
Keeping up the tension
History learns us that we can not escape the tensions, inherent to each social practice. Youth work has the duty to support young people in often difficult transitional periods, but yet the same, youth work has the power to give young people a forum to negotiate power relations, to get to know and understand each other and the interest of the others. Youth work is not merely a transit zone to adapt young people to public expectations, nor is it an instrument for young people to claim private rights.
History also learns us that there is a serious risk that these tensions would lead to a two track policy where relatively privileged young people can enjoy the forum function of youth work, adapting society to their needs, whilst disadvantaged young people are targeted in transit youth work, adapting young people to the needs of society. This counterproductive two track policy deals with the tensions by separating them from each other. The potential effect is that youth work (as the educational system all too often does) reproduces or even reinforces social inequalities amongst young people.
This is why a diversity of youth work practices and methods is valued in most countries, although new claims on accountability and efficiency risk to formalise the informal. A risk that is recognised in the recently adopted EU youth work resolution, but also in the agenda 2020 of the Council of Europe.
In some countries youth work is an established and to a large extent professionalised part of both the educational and social welfare system. In other countries youth work develops relatively separated from these systems and is a practice carried by volunteers. In most countries youth work is a mix of all these interventions. In any case, youth work also today has to find its place, positioning itself in relation to family and school (as a central part of the so-called third socialisation environment), but also positioning itself in between adult concerns and young people's needs and desires. History is a rich mirror to reflect on our actual and future policies and practices.
1 Coussée, F., Verschelden, G., Van de Walle, T., Medlinska, M. and Williamson, H. (eds.) (2010). The history of youth work in Europe and its relevance for youth work policy today. Vol. 2. Strasbourg: Council of Europe Publishing.
The history of youth work in Europe - Volume 6
The history of youth work in Europe - Volume 5
The history of youth work in Europe - Volume 4
The history of youth work in Europe - Volume 3
The history of youth work in Europe - Volume 2
The history of youth work in Europe and its relevance for youth policy todayNew Delhi, India (CNN) -- India has rejected findings of British scientists about a new form of drug-resistant "superbug" infecting patients who have traveled to the South Asian nation for treatment.
The Indian health ministry insisted in a written statement Thursday that such organisms were present universally.
"[T]his is a phenomenon which occurs in nature -- in the environment, may be intestines of humans and animals universally. There might be billions of such happenings at any moment," the ministry said.
Health authorities in the country, seen as a cost-effective destination for foreign medical tourists, claimed similar plasmids have been reported from the United States, Israel and Greece as well.
"While such organisms may be circulating more commonly in the world due to international travel but to link this with the safety of surgery hospitals in India and citing isolated examples to show that due to presence of such organism in Indian environment, India is not a safe place to visit is wrong," the ministry said.
It also objected to the naming of the superbug as New Delhi metallo-lactamase-1 and dismissed claims Indian hospitals were not safe for treatment.
The medical journal, The Lancet, said this week that tourists seeking treatment in Asia are bringing home a dangerous type of bacterial infection that's resistant to nearly all known antibiotics.
Doctors identified 29 patients in the United Kingdom with the new infections. Most had traveled to India, Pakistan or Bangladesh for medical procedures, including elective cosmetic surgery. Dozens of patients from Asia also got the infections, according to the researchers from Cardiff University.
The new strains appear to be widespread in south Asian medical centers and have also been spotted in Canada, Australia, the Netherlands, Sweden and the United States. In June, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) flagged three cases where patients were infected with bacteria carrying the NDM-1 gene. All had undergone medical care in India.
CNN's Harmeet Shah Singh contributed to this report.2015年11月，伊拉克巴士拉附近的一处仓库的10克放射性同位素铱-192被盗。在同一月——巴黎恐怖袭击两周后——找到了与这些袭击相关的一名犯罪嫌疑人，以及他持有的显示一位比利时高级核官员的监控录像。虽然在伊拉克被盗的放射性物质最终被找回（弃置在距巴士拉九英里处的一个小镇加油站外），这两起事件加剧了人们的恐惧心理，人们担忧伊斯兰国等组织可能会获取放射性材料，并用其制造放射性散布装置，即俗称的脏弹。
此类事件的发生，解释了奥巴马总统为何在2009年的布拉格演说中说到，恐怖分子获取核武的可能性是“对全球安全最直接和极端的威胁”。鉴于这些担忧，奥巴马总统启动了核安全峰会进程，这一进程于次年在华盛顿正式开启。然而，2016年既是奥巴马总统任期的最后一年，也是该峰会进程的最后一年。最后一届峰会与第一届峰会同样在华盛顿召开，将在一定程度上决定核安全问题未来的道路。
关键要看是否能够找到一条富有成效的道路。峰会为核安全带来了一些有意义的进展，然而一个永久的全球核安全体系尚未建立。峰会进程未能建立起应对核安全问题强有力的区域方案，也未能生成能够控制军用核材料的体系。这点不容小视，因为民用核材料只占全球核材料的一小部分。制定具体的计划，以保持峰会进程已取得的良好势头，是第四届也是最后一届峰会可能取得的最有意义的成果。
成败参半。峰会进程未能提供解决核安全威胁的万能药，但确实取得了一些实际成果。首先，峰会令各国元首开始关注核安全问题。自峰会进程开始至今，已有12个国家在其境内消除了可以用来制作核武的核材料。14个国家关闭了使用高浓缩铀的反应堆，或者完成了这些反应堆从使用高浓缩铀到使用低浓缩铀的转变。如此一来，已经有24座反应堆停止使用高浓缩铀。27个国家已去除了近3000千克的高浓缩铀和高浓缩钚。
峰会产生的成果也日益多边化。在2010年的峰会上，讨论聚焦于由美国主导的民用裂变材料议程，并提及了所谓的“各家之礼”（即“各国各自做出……自愿担保……以加强核安全”）。2012年的首尔峰会探讨了实施核安全和安保的全球议程，各地区在核安全方面的合作需通过“礼物篮子”得到加强（即多国做出的“高于……峰会公报”的承诺）。2014年的海牙峰会上，35个国家加入了“加强核安保实施工作的倡议”。国际原子能组织（IAEA）之后将此倡议出版为《869情况通报》。倡议中显示，这些国家将致力于采用IAEA的核安全建议。尽管以往的峰会取得了种种成就，严峻的挑战仍然需由最后一届峰会以及后峰会时代来解决。
挑战之一：让更多的国家和地区接受并遵守现有的国际核安全协议。1980年签署的《核材料实物保护公约》是核材料实物保护方面唯一具有法律约束力的国际协议。2005年的修订案扩大了该公约的范畴，涉及了如何应对盗窃核材料的行为和破坏核设施的行为。然而，此修订案并未完全生效——因为修订案生效需要101个国家的批准，而目前只有94个国家批准了该修订案。此外，2005年的《制止核恐怖主义行为国际公约》虽然有利于与核恐怖主义相关的诉讼和引渡工作，公约也已生效，但是在拥有不到一千克可用作核武的核材料的152个国家中，77个国家尚未批准此公约。上述提及的IAEA《869情况通报》是各国可以加入的最新倡议，未签约国可以在2016年的核峰会上签署该通报。只有使这些协议得到更广泛的接受，才能加强全球核安全体系的法律基础，建立该体系的制度支持机制，并推动该体系的具体实施工作。
挑战之二：核安全问题区域方案的缺乏阻碍了核安全倡议。核安全峰会与核工业峰会都明确了核安全标准以及对这些标准的合规评估办法。在中东等遭受冲突与暴力极端主义之害的地区，核能需求不断增加，然而这一现象却并没有成为这些峰会的讨论要点。这很成问题，因为风险环境的最佳评估应该在区域层面实行。诚然，应对破坏核安全的行为，以及控诉走私核或其他放射性材料的行为，确实需要遵守IAEA的建议，但也需要依靠跨国合作，以及各国法律框架和刑法规定。峰会进程对非峰会与会国只做了有限的地区拓展工作和信息共享。必须建立相关区域机制，督促各国政府为其核安全负责。
挑战之三：军用核
|
0
| 1
| 1
|
.核心 定投策略的核心本质依然是长期持有，持有期限越长越能保证盈利。 定投策略之所以有效，本质上看，是因为它是“长期持有策略”的最有效改良。 定投策略采用者是在相当长一段时间里持续分次买入的同时坚决不卖一直持有。 2.两个概念 任何概念，都必须清晰准确，否则就无法使用，又由于概念必须与其它概念组合使用，大量含混的概念放在一起，就会造成精度上的巨大损失。 要想真正理解定投策略的核心，必须先掌握两个概念： a.大周期 一个阶段的下跌（B阶段）加上一个阶段的上涨（A阶段）构成一个完整的大周期。 b.长期 所谓长期，指的是两个大周期以上。 也就是说，定投策略的核心就是至少在两个大周期之内只买不卖。 二、为什么定投策略不需要再次改良了？ 对定投策略的任何改良都是徒劳，主要有以下几个原因： 1.每次根据当前价格作出的决策，事实上依赖的是滞后判断。 每次价格下跌时购买量大增的时间段都有相当长一段时间的滞后。 2.更为重要的是，人们忽略了最重要的事实： 每次决策之后的价格走势究竟是上升还是下降抑或持平，依然是随机的独立事件，不受之前的数据影响。 对统计概率知识能否深刻把握，是最影响投资者决策正确性的。 我们基本上不可能用逻辑说服那些不懂随机时间独立性的人。 3.“最好在周一投资而不是周日投资”这种策略很难奏效的原因 a.不符合统计概率常识； b.如果它真的有效，那么“所有人都会转而如此操作”；这样的结果是，这个曾经有效的策略只能失效了...... 4.对定投策略的进一步改良注定无效的最重要原因 定投策略的核心依然是长期持有，定投策略采用者是分批买入，剩下的依然是谨慎选择，依然是买入后长期持有。 在两个大周期之后回头再看，两个大周期之前的价格无论如何都是极低的，哪怕真的能在极低的价格上再降低千分之几，事实上的意义并不大——更何况事实上并不一定能够做到低！ 那些忍不住尝试各种“雕虫小技”的人，他们的出发点都是一样的，他们只能看到眼前，他们也恰恰因此不具备高瞻远瞩的能力。 一切与长期无关的细节都是鸡毛蒜皮。 三、回顾你的过去，有没有一件事你做了很久（至少7年以上），回忆一下在这漫长的过程中，是什么让你一直坚持到现在？ 仔细回顾我的过去，确实有一件事我做了很久，而且一直没有间断过，那就是读书。 之所以可以坚持这么久，其实还是因为有兴趣，自己比较喜欢。 在2019年有机会参加社群学习之前，我看书的范围特别窄，只喜欢看历史故事类书籍，就是那种不要太学术化但又要接近历史的书籍。 另外，我看书也相当随性，其实，也就是看书效率特别低，有时候，一本书放在床头可能要看个大半年才能看完，之前在写作课的打卡作业里也分享过，孙皓晖先生用了近16年完成的巨著《大秦帝国》，共6部，11本书，我读完它用了近7年时间（从2012.7-2019.3），这是我特别喜欢的一套书，在读的过程里也收获了很多，但只从读书时间上来看，这个效率确实太低了。 2019年参加社群学习以后，我第一次感受到了社群学习给我带来的改变，在这一阶段，我遇到了三本特别棒的书：博多·舍费尔的《小狗钱钱》、哈维·艾克的《有钱人和你想的不一样》和笑来老师的《财富自由之路》，可以说，这些书让我的思想发生了天翻地覆的变化，让我深深明白了“如果你想改变看得见的东西，必须先改变看不见的东西”的道理。 因为信任，所以追随，现在的我，加入了定投课堂，在读书种类上，会更加主动地阅读一些其他方面的书，拓展自己的认知边界，对于好书，我也会反复去读。 定投课堂运营组组织的共读是非常棒的活动，在这里，我们可以一群人一起读好书，互相鼓励，互相赋能，这比自己一个人读书的效率不知高了多少倍。我会认真、持续地参与，因为我知道它是真得好！ 感恩所有的遇见！ 四、你印象深刻的一句话是哪句话？ 一切与长期无关的细节都是鸡毛蒜皮。 我的思考： 笑来老师说过：长期主义是做任何事情的底层操作系统。从非长期主义者变成长期主义者，这个过程有时会显得非常艰难。 加入定投课堂以后，我会有意识地观察身边的人，然后就会发现，在实际生活中，长期主义者真得是少之又少，看到他们，就如同看到当年的自己。 虽然在长期主义这条道路上，我依然还有很长的路要走，但在这里，有老师为我们引路，有很多优秀的战友相伴同行，我们一定要更珍惜定投课堂这个一开始就让我们能够做对的地方。 长期主义者做事不紧不慢，心态平和，因为我们已经做好了长期的准备。Inter, ipotesi cessione per un titolarissimo: incontro tra Marotta e l'agente
Uno degli uomini fondamentali nell'Inter di Inzaghi potrebbe essere ceduto. L'incontro tra Marotta e il suo agente apre a questa opzione
La porta dell'Inter sembra in buone mani e blindata da quando Andre Onana ha conquistato la titolarità a suon di prestazioni decisive, togliendo il posto ad Handanovic. Tuttavia non si può affermare la stessa cosa per quello che concerne il suo futuro, con la possibilità di una cessione a sorpresa che non sarebbe da escludere a priori.
Infatti cedendo l'estremo difensore nigeriano l'Inter risparmierebbe circa 12 milioni lordi, anche se i segnali emersi nell'incontro tra l'amministratore delegato Giuseppe Marotta e il suo agente inducono all'ottimismo. Le due parti avrebbero voglia di continuare il proprio cammino insieme previa qualificazione alla Champions League, tuttavia per una offerta opportuna i nerazzurri si sederebbero al tavolo delle trattative. Si vocifera di un insistente interesse del Chelsea, che dovrebbe sborsare minimo 50 milioni di euro per fargli prendere la strada di Londra
LEGGI ANCHE: Verona-Inter, probabili formazioni: Lukaku in panchina, Inzaghi conferma BarellaBodhidharma was a Buddhist monk who lived in the 6th century and is said to be the patriarch of all martial arts. However few fighting arts have a deep and fascinating history as that of Okinawan Goju-ryu Karate-do. From Shaolin temple and Chinese boxing origins, to the style of Naha-te, its further development into Okinawan Goju-ryu and the formation of the International Okinawan Goju-ryu Karate-do Federation, the history of our art spans hundreds of years. Passed from Master to student, the art was trained and the history was transmitted orally. In the late 20th century Sensei Morio Higaonna documented this information into the now famous Goju-ryu text book: The History of Karate. All the history documented below comes directly from The History of Karate and Sensei Higaonna’s lifelong research into the subject…
Ryu Ryu Ko -> Kanryo Higaonna
Kanryo Higaonna was born on March 10th, 1853 in Nishimura, Okinawa. He was one of eight siblings and his family were of a lower economic class. Kanryo Higaonna’s father was a sailor and he made his living shipping and trading items between the Ryukyu chain of islands and further afield to China. Upon his return he would always tell stories of the marvels of China and their martial arts. At the age of 10, Kanryo Higaonna began assisting his father with his work on the boats. In 1867 when Kanryo Higaonna was 14, his father was killed in a fight, the reason for which still remains unknown. This was a terrible blow to the family, especially to a young Kanryo Higaonna and his focus quickly turned from grief to revenge. He made the decision to travel to China to learn the deadly fighting arts and return to extract revenge on his father’s killer.
He arrived in the port of Fuzhou in Southern China and once there sought out other Okinawan’s living in the area. He questioned them about great martial arts masters living in Fuzhou. Introductions were organised and Kanryo Higaonna was introduced to his eventual teacher; a man named Ryu Ryu Ko. Ryu Ryu Ko accepted the young teenager and made him swear an oath to follow his philosophies, principles and to promise never to misuse the martial arts he would learn.
Kanryo Higaonna would arrive to Ryu Ryu Ko’s house every morning. He would assist his teacher in his work as a bamboo craftsman, cutting and carting bamboo and making all manner of things out of it. Ryu Ryu Ko lived in a two story dwelling. The top floor was his house, the bottom his workshop and all training took place outside in the garden. Through many hours of hard training and through his dedicated assistance with his teacher’s work, Kanryo Higaonna eventually became a ‘live in’ student. He took up residence inside his teacher’s home and dedicated every waking moment to his master. He endured much hardship through the often brutal training and quickly developed an unbelievable level of power, strength and speed. He also learned about herbal medicines and studied the use of weapons.
After 14 years of loyal study, Ryu Ryu Ko had grown older and told Kanryo Higaonna it was time for him to return to his homeland of Okinawa. In 1891 the two parted ways as Kanryo Higaonna followed the wishes of his master and they were never to see each other again. Kanryo Higaonna left China an accomplished martial artist and with 9 of the current Goju-ryu kata. Upon returning to Okinawa, his father’s killer heard of the great martial arts skills Kanryo Higaonna now possessed. The killer begged him for forgiveness and remembering the oath he had made to his master, he very graciously forgave the man.
Kanryo Higaonna continued his training in Okinawa, firstly on his own and then eventually began teaching students in his home. He called his martial art Naha-te after the capital city of Okinawa where he was based and following the example of the other main Okinawan styles of the time: Shuri-te and Tomari-te. He also eventually took a position as a karate instructor at the Naha commercial high school in 1905.
Kanryo Higaonna -> Chojun Miyagi
Chojun Miyagi was born on April 25th, 1888. He was born into a wealthy family, but as a youth was at times unruly. At the age of 11 he was taken to Ryuko Aragaki (the grandfather of Goju-ryu Master Shuichi Aragaki, IOGKF Technical Advisor), who was 24 at the time, to learn karate from him in hopes to instil discipline in the mischievous boy. Chojun Miyagi immediately developed a love for karate and became a very serious student. Aragaki recognised this and decided that he needed to study under a strict teacher, whose karate was second to none, to unlock Chojun Miyagi’s full potential.
In 1902 at the age of 14 he was taken and introduced to Kanryo Higaonna and was accepted as a student. Kanryo Sensei was 49 years old at this point and known by the nick name ‘Ashi no Higaonna’ (meaning ”Legs” Higaonna) because of his exceptionally strong legs. Although warned of the severity of the training, Chojun Miyagi’s expectations were far exceeded when he began his training in Naha-te. The training he received was intense and very brutal and he trained extra outside of his classes to strengthen his body to aid in his fast improvement. Kanryo Sensei observed this and eventually Chojun Sensei became the student he chose to learn the entire art of Naha-te. At the time, students only learned Sanchin and one other kata. Training took place at the Kanryo Sensei’s home each evening and after the usual two hour session, Kanryo Sensei would keep Chojun Miyagi behind for personal one on one instruction in the entire system.
In 1910 World War I swept across the globe and Chojun Miyagi was called upon for mandatory military service. He became a soldier at the age of 20 and was discharged at the age of 22. He rushed back home to Okinawa upon hearing that his teacher’s health had deteriorated. Chojun Miyagi desperately wanted to learn the rest of the Naha-te style from his teacher and also care for him in his later years. Everyday Chojun Miyagi would bring Kanryo Sensei to his own home to care for and learn from him. He became the only student to learn all the Naha-te kata from Kanryo Sensei, who passed away three years later in 1915. Many Okinawans referred to Kanryo Higaonna by the title of Bushi, meaning a distinguished master of the martial arts. Also in 1915, Chojun Miyagi fulfilled the final wish his teacher had for him and made the trip to Fuzhou in China. He travelled by boat on the same route Kanryo Sensei had many years before him. He explored and researched the area, visiting the house of Ryu Ryu Ko and demonstrating the kata he had learned to an old man who was a student of Ryu Ryu Ko. During his two month stay, Chojun Miyagi recorded much information about Ryu Ryu Ko.
Upon his return to Okinawa he was now 29 years old and he took his teacher’s place and began teaching Naha-te. He worked to further develop the fighting system he had inherited. Chojun Sensei had learned the kata Rokkishu in China and his further development of this resulted in the creation of Tensho Kata. He also researched and created warm up exercises for the body. Furthermore Chojun Miyagi revised Sanchin Kata to be performed in a straight line, moving both forward and backwards, instead of turning around. He taught out of both his home, the now famous Garden Dojo, and also at a space he rented at the Naha Commercial High School.
The local police force became concerned about Chojun Miyagi’s reputation and warned him of the consequences of misusing karate. Chojun Miyagi explained the true nature of his teachings, and in doing so he was hired to teach at the Okinawan Police academy. In 1926 Chojun Miyagi founded the Karate Kenkyu Club, bringing together the top Masters of the main styles of karate to unite under the common goal of spreading true karate to future generations. The Masters in this club were Chojun Miyagi, Chomo Hanashiro, Choyu Motobu and Kenwa Mabuni.
In 1930 an invitation was received to perform a demonstration in Tokyo at the celebration of Crown Prince Hirohito’s succession to the throne. Chojun Miyagi couldn’t attend, but instead sent his top student, Jin’an Shinzato, in his place. After Shinzato’s demonstration, he was asked by someone who viewed his performance what the name of his style was. Shinzato wasn’t sure how to answer, as Naha-te was more of an informal name. He related this story to Chojun Miyagi who thought long and hard about this and on what to name his karate style. Within the famous martial arts text, the Bubishi, is a poem called the Kenpo Haku (the eight poems of the fist) and Chojun Sensei was quite fond of it:
[su_list icon=”https://iogkf.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Icon_IOGKF_Logo20x20.png” icon_color=”#ff0000″]
- The mind is one with heaven and earth.
- The circulatory rhythm of the body is similar to the cycle of the sun and the moon.
- The way of inhaling and exhaling is hardness and softness.
- Act in accordance with time and change.
- Techniques will occur in the absence of conscious thought.
- The feet must advance and retreat, separate and meet.
- The eyes do not miss even the slightest change.
- The ears listen well in all directions.
The third poem, ‘Ho Go Ju donto’, is where Chojun Miyagi took the name ‘Go Ju’. He then added ‘Ryu’ to the name to formally name the style Goju-ryu (literally meaning Hard and Soft Style) in 1930. Chojun Miyagi began promoting Goju-ryu Karate even more heavily. In 1934 he spent almost a full year teaching Goju-ryu Karate in Hawaii. He also performed demonstrations on the Japanese mainland to popularize karate. In 1940 he created and added two new kata to the Goju-ryu system, Gekisai Dai Ichi and Gekisai Dai Ni. He wanted karate to be more accessible to people of all ages and wanted a basic kata to make training more popular – Chojun Miyagi’s Gekisai Kata’s succeeded in doing this.
His promotional work to spread Goju-ryu was so successful that the Japanese Butokukai recognised his style as an official martial art and he as its official master. Chojun Sensei’s legendary Goju-ryu grip also earned him the nickname ‘Nukitui Magushiku’ for his ability to tear raw meat apart with his bare hands and he became quite famous for this in Okinawa.
World War II then cast its shadow over the world and towards the end of the war, the Battle of Okinawa took place and along with it the slaughter of thousands of Okinawans. Chojun Miyagi and most of his family were lucky to escape to the north of the island, however many of his students were not. Jin’an Shinzato’s death in particular was a great loss to Chojun Miyagi and suddenly the future of his karate was uncertain. Once the war was over he returned to Naha to find that a majority of the city had been destroyed and that his historical records on Ryu Ryu Ko had been wiped out and lost forever. It was a desperate time for the survival of Goju-ryu and Okinawa.
|
0
| 1
| 2
|
, placing a priority on those that will protect drinking water.
There are over 80,000 chemicals produced around the world with 10,000 new ones being created every year. Yet, virtually no testing is being done before being incorporated into products or ultimately gets into the environment.
While over 600 substances have commonly been found in drinking water, only 91 are being tested for in New Jersey (and fewer, 84, are mandated by federal law). With the reauthorization of the Federal Safe Drinking Water Act in 1996, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was required to establish a rigorous schedule for evaluating and setting standards for additional contaminants; but the agency is not keeping page.
It took 60 years for the U.S. to adopt a more health protective standard for a universally undisputed human carcinogen, arsenic, changing the standard from 60 to 10 parts per billion (ppb), with New Jersey being even stricter at 5 ppb. We are currently pushing stronger testing standards for PFOA, Radon, and Perchlorate and other contaminants, including pushing for pilot carbon filtration projects to remove a broader range of "unregulated" contaminants from drinking water.
PFOA is a highly toxic chemical used to make non-stick cookware. The NJDEP has found the substance in public water supply systems in New Jersey and NJDEP scientists have recommended that four water suppliers reduce the levels of PFOAs to 40 parts per trillion in order to protect the public. However, the chemical industry led by Dupont with some support from NJDEP management is fighting back against this recommendation and only testing levels down to 500 parts per trillion.
DuPont, the only company in the US that still manufactures PFOA, claims there is no proof of harms to human health. However, PFOA was labeled a "likely" human carcinogen by the EPA's Science Advisory Board in January of 2006 and has been the subject of multi-million dollar lawsuit settlements and EPA enforcement actions.
Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive element found in groundwater and air. Drinking water that contains radon is not believed to cause a significant health risk, but a high airborne radon level is linked to increased risk of lung cancer. Radon is measured in Pico Curies per Liter (pCi/L).
The EPA estimates that 10,000 pCi/L in water translates to about 1 pCi/L in air. While there are no U.S. EPA standards for radon in water now, a maximum contaminant level (mcl) of 300 pCi/L for public water supplies is being considered by the U.S. EPA. Based on their pilot study, the average waterborne radon level in public groundwater supplies in the United States is 353 pCi/L.
In 2008, the NJDEP received recommendations from the Drinking Water Quality Institute to adopt a maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 300 pCi/L for radon after the USEPA ignored three congressional mandates to do the same. Drinking Water Quality Institute recommendations are statutorily required before NJDEP can regulate contaminants.
Perchlorate (rocket fuel) is a contaminant that impacts the drinking water of millions of people in the U.S. Two U.S. Senate bills aim to address perchlorate (rocket fuel) contamination and cleanup. The Perchlorate Monitoring and Right-to-Know Act requires perchlorate to be a listed contaminant in consumer confidence report and requires EPA to issue a health advisory for perchlorate in drinking water and regulation requiring monitoring in public water supplies for the compound. Protecting Pregnant Women and Children from Perchlorate Act calls for the health advisory and development of a national primary drinking water standard for the contaminant under the Safe Drinking Water Act. New Jersey, along with California and Massachusets have been leading the charge for strict perchlorate drinking water standards at the state level. However, the NJDEP have been sitting for years on a DWQI advised standard to adopt a 5 parts per billion (ppb) MCL for perchlorate.
For more information on drinking water testing standards and contaminants, contact us at email@example.com.女生晚长高的人有什么特点，女生晚长高的人有什么特点呢
说到女生晚长高的人有什么特点，应该都听说过，许多人问女生晚长高的人有什么特点呢，还是有人想问女生晚长高的人有什么特点呢是怎么回事？其实女生晚长高的人有什么特点呢具体因素大家早已有答案了，现在我们就一同来瞧瞧女生晚长高的人有什么特点是咋回事，希望小编整理的文章能够帮助到大家！
21岁网熟的女孩子还能长个子的，主要是你网熟这是一个很好的条件，再一个本来人长个子就可以长到24岁，25岁了，甚至还有人结婚，生了小孩子以后还有长个子的，这个不是绝对的，你可以平时多吃一些海带，多吃一些这个高钙的，然后多运动，这样的话配合你的这个厄发育成熟，个子就容易长起来。
21岁晚熟的女孩还能长个子吗？
女孩子一般长到20岁左右，就不会再长了，如果这个女孩已经发育了，成熟了，应该不会再长个了，因为已经21岁了，如果是晚熟的，21岁可能性还会长一点点，般来说，21岁的女孩都已经成熟了，有的已经生孩子了，基本上不会再长个子
不管这个女孩的身体是否晚熟，到了21岁的年纪，男孩女孩的身体普遍已经停止发育了，因为女孩身体开始发育和长高的年龄普遍在10~12岁，身体发育最晚的女生可以发育到17岁才停止，但在21岁骨间缝已经闭合了，所以已经没有机会再长高了。
可以肯定的回答，21岁晚熟的女孩子是可以长个子的。一般女孩子身高发育期在17岁到23岁之间，这里也会因人而异存在一定的个体差异，有的女孩子身高发育早，有的身高发育晚些，但是在此年龄区间张身高是正常的，现在还在成长环境，饮食营养摄入都比较好，身高发育普遍比较理想。
1、月经来潮，少女的初次例假被看作是女性进入到青春期的标志。这时卵巢分泌的性激素的作用会使女孩的子宫内膜发生周期性变化，每月脱落一次，脱落的粘膜和经血就会由阴道排出体外。由于少女们的卵巢功能尚不健全，因此月经初潮以后月经周期没有一定的规律，慢慢才会接近正常。家长要提前进行月经期知识的教育，以免女孩们面对月经来潮手足无措。
2、胸部隆起，除了月经来潮外，少女们的胸部也会渐渐隆起，变得丰满起来，此时需要穿小背心，以免由于乳房变大而尴尬。家长们应当告知孩子胸部隆起是一种正常的生理现象，不要由于胸部隆起而感到害羞，或者低头走路。
3、出现阴毛和腋毛，少女进入青春期以后，会长出阴毛和腋毛，皮下脂肪也开始增多，开始显现出了女性特有的体态。
4、身高猛长，到了青春期以后，少女们开始迅速长高，接近成人水平。此时应当注意饮食均衡，多补充营养，尤其应该多吃一些奶制品，瘦肉，鱼，蛋等含有优质蛋白的食物，这样可以使少女在青春期得到更健康成长。
青春期《女生的变化》，进入青春期之后，女孩子的体态就会有一个明显的变化，首先她的胸部会发育啦，有的时候会疼，有的时候会酸胀，然后慢慢的就会长大 然后他们的个子也会慢慢的长高了，五官变得更加突出 身上也有可能已经来了例假，脸上的话，经常性的可能会冒出来一些痘痘 他们的脸上有可能会去长出一些比较黑的绒毛
青春期的女生可能会变得有点叛逆，会变得有点暴躁，因为这个时候女孩子正处于一个发育期，这个时候可能就会不太认可别人对自己的看法，也不愿意去接受别人对自己的一些意见和建议，这个时候总感觉平时不懂，自己总是按照自己的想法去做事。
女生到了青春期，不只是身体上有变化就是她的性格在这个时期也会很有情绪话的。她这个时候就看什么都不入她的眼老想发脾气还有点逆反心理，这时候特别是做妈妈的就的注意了。要给与她多多的呵护和很好的沟通和她一起度过青春期。
青春期女性的变化。我个人认为是这样的一个女孩子到了青春期的时候，那个时候，他发育的特别快。比如个子长得也特别快。还有女孩子的胸部长的也特别快。
还有青春期的女孩，看到非常好看脸颜色真的粉灯，粉灯的，真的很漂亮。女孩子发育期也有的，发育的要晚一些。
一般来说在青春期内，女孩的体温、脉搏、呼吸、血压等均会发生不同程度的变化。小儿期随着年龄的增长，体温会逐渐降低，脉搏呼吸减慢。
自从进入了青春期，女性的体温偏高。特别是青春期卵巢功能建立以后，可以看到排卵期体温升高，随后又恢复正常。
脉搏偏快，血压随着年龄增长逐渐升高，但收缩压舒张压水平均低于男性。反应出青春期身体的新陈代谢、心血管的功能以及内分泌功能的改变。
女性肺活量的增长、身体素质包括速度、耐力、腰肌力量等的锻炼都远不如男性，因此家长不能因为生理特点而约束女孩，应当多鼓励女孩儿加强体育锻炼和户外活动以保证青春期的健康发育。
不听话 脾气一说就上来
00后女生还有机会长高吗？
00后的话，如果你是05后，可能十几岁，18岁以前，那完全是可以长高的呀，多增加一些自己身体的营养，多运动，多喝水，这个就可以长高吖，或者是你如果是磊磊，以后就是年龄太大了，20岁以上那就没有办法长高了，就已经到极限了
00年的女生，今年已经21岁了，身高发育基本定型了，不会再长高了！但是也并不一定，有的能长到生育的年龄，所以要想长高，就多多锻炼身体，增强体育运动，保证充足的营养，睡眠要有规律，去测一个骨龄，就能知道还有没有生长空间，顺其自然吧
○○年的女生今年应该有21，22岁丁，这个年龄是女生日应该是很难长身高了，女生的发育年龄应该在14，15岁左石，就算是迟点也就在17，18岁左右，但你现在都20多岁了，女生的身体己基本停止生长了除非你有特殊的体征，要不然，基本就那样了。
十七岁初二开始长高肯定算是发育比较晚的。因为对于大多数人来讲，一般都在十三岁左右，进入青春期就开始生长发育了，身体的骨骼，关节，韧带和肌肉等部位在十三岁以后生长的很快，往往三四年的时间个头就会长高很多，而到了十七岁以后生长就比较缓慢了，所以说，十七岁才开始长高肯定算是发育比较晚了。
17岁初二开始长高不算晚发育，由于每个人的生长机能都不一样，基因不一样，推迟一两年发肓。
不算。
13岁当然还是可以长高的，人一般到21~23岁人的骨垢线才会闭合，那个时候人才会停止生长发育的，所以不需要太过担心，平时一定要给孩子多吃一些含钙量比较高的食物，如牛奶，虾皮，芹菜，豆制品，瓜子，花生，苹果，葡萄干，柠檬等等食物都是可以的，另外也要经常性的给孩子晒一晒太阳，多做运动，这样的话才能够更好的促进孩子的生长发育。
13岁开始长高不算晚，因为根据人的身体而已，有的孩子早发育，有的孩子晚发育，早长和晚长之分，有的小孩天生就发育迅猛长个子非常高，但是到了一定的年龄之后就会停止不前，有的小孩迟迟不发育，但是到了一定年龄之后就会猛地往上长个子。无论如何？只要增强体质训练，合理的饮食，不要过多的伤害身体，依然会长高个子
以上就是女生晚长高的人有什么特点与女生晚长高的人有什么特点呢相关内容，以上文章收集整理自网络，希望小编整理的这篇文章女生晚长高的人有什么特点 女生晚长高的人有什么特点呢对大家有所帮助。
文章仅供参考不保证准确性，如果情况严重请咨询专业人士。
版权声明：本文内容由互联网用户自发贡献，该文观点仅代表作者本人。本站仅提供信息存储空间服务，不拥有所有权，不承担相关法律责任。如发现本站有涉嫌抄袭侵权/违法违规的内容，请联系站长举报，一经查实，本站将立刻删除。转载请注明出处：http://www.linie6.com/jszwz/166504565556194.htmlElementary Art - Could anything be more fun?
At the elementary level we focus on positive learning experiences
using a wide array of materials.
The elementary artist will begin to develop an art dictionary.
Having a common language to discuss and interpret art is useful in the art room
and transfers over into other classrooms as well.
Words such as: Diagonal
As we develop our art dictionary we also develop technical skill with materials.
When we combine these skills with creative problem solving -- beautiful artwork and
lasting learning result.DOLAR
EURO
ALTIN
BİST 100
Real Madrid'in Portekizli süper starı Cristiano Ronaldo, çapkınlık turlarına bir yenisini daha ekledi. İlk kez geçen ay yeni kız arkadaşı Georgina Rodriguez ile görüntülenen Ronaldo, bu kez fena yakalandı.
DÜNYA BASINI AYAKLANDI
Madrid'de bir restorantta görüntülenen Ronaldo, masada geçirdiği süre boyunca İtalyan markası olan Dolce&Gabbana'nın düzenlediği bir etkinlikte tanıştığı kız arkadaşıyla tutkulu bir şekilde öpüştü. Bu görüntüler dünya gündeminde büyük yankı uyandırdı.Story posted June 28, 2010
The first days of summer have been uncharacteristically warm and dry at the Bowdoin Scientific Station on Kent Island, where nine Bowdoin students (and one more to arrive this week) are a third of the way into a nine-week field season. The group includes a writer, an installation artist, a photographer and seven biologists working alongside a team of researchers studying birds, fish, marine invertebrates and eelgrass. In the coming weeks the students will haul lobster pots, travel to Machias Seal Island to see the puffin and razorbill nesting colonies, celebrate Canada Day on Grand Manan and go on a whale watching excursion aboard caretaker Russell Ingalls's boat. But for now, as BSS Director Damon Gannon and Summer Artist-in-Residence Anne Rothacker '11 describe in this report, it's time for dinner.
Residents of the Bowdoin Scientific Station (BSS) on Kent Island, which is located between New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, are so familiar with the dramatic tides in the Bay of Fundy that they can almost tell time with a tide chart and a glance at the beach. And today, the low tide should occur right at dinnertime. As the tide recedes, they start to listen for the dinner bell.
Sure enough, the bell sounds right at six o'clock. Researchers wade out of the intertidal near the north end of the island, startling flocks of herring gulls with their movement. Nearby, the team studying Leach's storm-petrels walks through the dappled light of the tree-covered petrel colony, carefully avoiding the birds' underground nest burrows.
The group working on Savannah sparrows in the field that dominates the center of the island approaches the dining area from the other direction, meeting up with scientists who spent the afternoon entering data in the lab, and an artist-in-residence, who just came in from writing a poem on a sunny hilltop.
In the kitchen, the cook is ready, carefully placing dishes on the counter as the director and caretaker, sitting at the table, plan an upcoming boat trip to nearby Grand Manan. After a few minutes of frantically loading plates with food, everyone crowds around the small wooden table, bumping elbows as they confer about the island's ever-changing weather, make jokes, reminisce about island history, and discuss their research.
There's a lot to talk about. Ten Bowdoin students are working at BSS for the summer, alongside Bowdoin faculty and visiting graduate students and faculty who come from all over North America. These researchers are studying a wide variety of species, including seabirds, songbirds, seagrass, marine invertebrates, and fish.
The island is home to approximately 15,000 breeding pairs of Leach's storm-petrels, robin-sized seabirds related to albatrosses that exhibit extreme longevity, living well into their thirties.
Once an adult storm-petrel chooses to nest on Kent Island, it will return to the island to raise a single chick with the same mate, in the same nest burrow every summer for the remainder of its life.
They feed far offshore, at the edge of the continental shelf, so a storm-petrel raising a chick on Kent Island will make roundtrip flights covering hundreds of miles and lasting up to seven days to catch food for his or her offspring.
Storm-petrels only come ashore to reproduce; they spend the rest of the year far out at sea. Some storm-petrels that nest on Kent Island during the northern hemisphere summer have been found in the South Atlantic off southwestern Africa during the winter. Kent Island's storm-petrels have been the focus of one of the longest-running investigations of any wild animal population, which has resulted in dozens of scientific publications.
BSS researchers are currently examining Leach's storm-petrel's reproductive rates, the effects of aging on their organ systems, the amount of manmade toxins to which they are exposed and, through the use of biochemical techniques and miniature electronic data loggers, the researchers are tracking their movements and feeding habits.
BSS has had a parallel research project on another bird, the Savannah sparrow, a ground-nesting songbird found in grassy fields.
Savannah sparrows that nest on Kent Island are thought to winter in the Mid-Atlantic and southeastern U.S. states.
Unlike Leach's storm-petrels, Savannah sparrows only live for a few years but many of the sparrows that are born on Kent Island return here in subsequent years to breed.
Faculty and student researchers are studying how young males learn to sing; how experience and fitness affect migration strategies; how weather and climate affect reproductive success; how factors, such as the number of nestlings in a clutch, affect growth and development of the young; and where they spend their winters.
Throughout its 74-year history, BSS has primarily been an ornithological research center. However, Kent Island offers plenty of material for study. For example, this summer there are several projects focusing on marine organisms, such as eelgrass, soft-shell clams, green cr
|
0
| 1
| 3
|
to the so called "tortilla riots" at the beginning of the year.
The price rises were attributed to the United States' large-scale switch from food to fuel production, meaning less maize exported to its southern neighbour.
However, a look at the bigger picture reveals that an apparent straight case of fuel taking precedence over food is misleading.
For years, Mexican dependency on cheap American corn had ruined the Mexican maize business and millions of farmers had left the land.
Now Mexicans are starting to grow maize again. It is a slow process, but it will start to reduce their dependency on the north.
And this is a key part of the debate, according to the UK National Farmers Union's biofuels advisor Jonathan Scurlock.
He thinks that greater demand for food and fuel could help galvanise agriculture in developing countries, which for many years have had their farming industries crushed by cheap imports.
Not just food
Farmers in the West point out that their past food surpluses dumped on developing world markets never alleviated hunger.
"This is all about 'trade not aid'," says Scurlock.
Car makers offer models powered by ethanol made from plants
"It would be a very good thing if developing countries could produce something that we in the West were prepared to pay a fair price for."
However, Friends of the Earth is sceptical that farmers in developing countries will see much benefit from the growth in bio fuels.
Mr Matthew says large global corporations and landowners are more likely to be the winners, while the small farmer will lose out.
Mr Scurlock concedes that in the short term food prices could rise.
"But let's be frank," he says, "the public can afford to pay more for quality food and the impact will be to bring more land worldwide into production."
Mr Scurlock firmly believes there is enough land worldwide to grow both food and fuel comfortably.
He says we would never have had such a massive tobacco industry if we had wanted only to use land for growing food crops.
Indeed, United Nations figures show there to be around 2 billion hectares (f5 billion acres) of degraded land globally that could be put into production - 25% in Africa, 25% in Asia, 25% in the Americas; the rest scattered around the world in places like Ukraine and Kazakhstan.
This is land that has either been used for agriculture then abandoned or has been mismanaged or contaminated.
The environmental group, WWF produced a report earlier this year, concluding that 18 million hectares of rainforest in Southeast Asia are currently lying idle after being cleared for timber production.
This land could, if responsibly managed, says WWF, be used for palm oil production.
And that is the crux of the matter - the need to ensure that biofuels are ethically produced.
The issue is urgent.
In the UK, fuel suppliers are having to adapt to the Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation - requiring 5% of all fuel sold by 2010 to come from renewable sources.
There is growing concern that sourcing must be included in the environmental criteria set by the European Union.
But Mr Scurlock remains optimistic that biofuels will lead to an upturn for farmers everywhere.
"Biofuels could be in the vanguard of much higher standards for international trade in agricultural commodities," he says.
Radio 4's Costing the Earth: Food versus Fuel is broadcast on Thursday 4 October at 2100BST, repeated Friday 5 October at 1500BST.I sociopatici attirano una strana quantità di attenzioni romantiche e molti di loro provengono da quelle che sembrano famiglie vicine e amorevoli. Ma sorge spontanea la domanda: i sociopatici possono davvero amare qualcuno?
La pietra angolare di una diagnosi di APD è un'ideologia egoistica, i sociopatici prendono le loro decisioni in base ai propri bisogni e desideri e non pensano a come le loro azioni influenzano gli altri, compresi quelli con cui potrebbero avere una relazione.
Il vero amore non è egocentrico ed egocentrico, richiede un fondamento di fiducia in se stessi e consapevolezza che consenta un profondo amore e rispetto per gli altri. Le persone con APD non hanno la capacità per questo, quindi il vero amore non è possibile per loro.
Questo non vuol dire che i sociopatici, o le persone con APD, non possano sembrare innamorati. Un sociopatico può essere davvero bravo a fingere sentimenti d'amore.
È comune quando un sociopatico entra in una relazione per comportarsi in modo molto amorevole o comunque affettuoso verso il proprio partner, almeno all'inizio.
I sociopatici possono essere carismatici, affascinanti e lusinghieri e qualcuno con APD può sembrare amare gli altri quando si adatta al loro obiettivo finale. Ma quell'"amore" svanirà o scomparirà una volta che i bisogni dell'individuo saranno stati soddisfatti".
E avere una relazione con qualcuno che ha l'APD non sarebbe facile, anche se potrebbe iniziare in quel modo. In quasi tutti i casi, una persona che ha la sociopatia diventerà controllante, manipolatrice e abusiva in una relazione personale.
E poiché le persone con APD non provano rimorso, di certo non si sentiranno in colpa per quello che stanno facendo al loro partner.
Indipendentemente dal fatto che a qualcuno venga diagnosticato l'APD o meno, se si concentra solo sul soddisfare i propri desideri (come sarebbe un sociopatico), non è certo una solida base per una relazione, non importa quanto siano affascinanti.
I sociopatici sono pensatori a breve termine, i piani a lungo termine per le relazioni non sono di loro interesse. Potrebbero dirti che è quello che vogliono, ma è solo per ottenere qualcosa qui e ora.
Se questo articolo ti è piaciuto lascia un commento e condividilo con i tuoi amici!Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom facts for kids
|Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom|
Scottish version of the royal coat of arms
|Armiger||Elizabeth II in Right of the United Kingdom|
|Crest||A golden lion, royally crowned and standing on a royal crown; gold and ermine mantling|
|Escutcheon||Quarterly: 1 and 4 England, 2 Scotland, 3 Ireland; quarters for England and Scotland are exchanged in Scotland.|
|Supporters||A golden lion and a silver unicorn|
|Compartment||Tudor rose, Shamrock, and Thistle|
|Motto||French: Dieu et mon droit|
|Orders||Order of the Garter|
|Earlier versions||see below|
|Use||On all Acts of Parliament; the cover of all UK passports; various government departments; adapted for the reverse of coins of the pound sterling (2008)|
The royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom, or the Royal Arms for short, is the official coat of arms of the British monarch, currently Queen Elizabeth II. These arms are used by the Queen in her official capacity as monarch of the United Kingdom. Variants of the Royal Arms are used by other members of the British royal family; and by the British government in connection with the administration and government of the country. In Scotland, there exists a separate version of the Royal Arms, a variant of which is used by the Scotland Office.
In the standard variant used outside of Scotland, the shield is quartered, depicting in the first and fourth quarters the three passant guardant lions of England; in the second, the rampant lion and double tressure flory-counterflory of Scotland; and in the third, a harp for Ireland. The crest is a statant guardant lion wearing the St Edward's Crown, himself on another representation of that crown. The dexter supporter is a likewise crowned English lion; the sinister, a Scottish unicorn. According to legend a free unicorn was considered a very dangerous beast; therefore the heraldic unicorn is chained, as were both supporting unicorns in the royal coat of arms of Scotland. In the greenery below, a thistle, Tudor rose and shamrock are depicted, representing Scotland, England and Ireland respectively. This armorial achievement comprises the motto of English monarchs, Dieu et mon Droit (God and my Right), which has descended to the present royal family as well as the Garter circlet which surrounds the shield, inscribed with the Order's motto, Honi soit qui mal y pense (Shame on he who thinks evil). The official blazon of the Royal Arms is:
Quarterly, first and fourth Gules three Lions passant gardant in pale Or armed and langued Azure (for England), second quarter Or a Lion rampant within a double tressure flory-counter-flory Gules (for Scotland), third quarter Azure a Harp Or stringed Argent (for Ireland), the whole surrounded by the Garter; for a Crest, upon the Royal helm the Imperial Crown Proper, thereon a Lion statant gardant Or imperially crowned Proper; Mantling Or and Ermine; for Supporters, dexter a Lion rampant gardant Or crowned as the Crest, sinister a Unicorn Argent armed, crined and unguled Proper, gorged with a Coronet Or composed of Crosses patées and Fleurs-de-lis a Chain affixed thereto passing between the forelegs and reflexed over the back also Or. Motto "Dieu et mon Droit" in the compartment below the shield, with the Union Rose, Shamrock and Thistle engrafted on the same stem.
The Royal Arms as shown above may only be used by the Queen herself. They also appear in courtrooms, since the monarch is deemed to be the fount of judicial authority in the United Kingdom and law courts comprise part of the ancient royal court (thus so named). Judges are officially Crown representatives, demonstrated by the display of the Royal Arms behind the judge's bench in all UK courts (with the exceptions of the magistrates' court in the City of London, where behind the Justices of the Peace stands a sword upright flanked by the arms of the City and the Crown). In Northern Ireland, the Royal Arms cannot be displayed in courtrooms or on court-house exteriors. There are a few exceptions, with the Royal Arms allowed to be displayed in the courtrooms of the Royal Courts of Justice in Belfast and the courts in Armagh, Banbridge, Downpatrick, Magherafelt, or Omagh. They may be shown on the exterior of court buildings that had them in place prior to the 2002 law.
As the United Kingdom is governed in the monarch's name, the British Government also uses the Royal Arms as a national symbol of the United Kingdom, and, in that capacity, the coat of arms can be seen on several government documents and forms, passports, in the entrance to embassies and consulates, etc. However, when used by the government and not by the monarch personally, the coat of arms is often represented without the helm. This is also the case with the sovereign's Scottish arms, a version of which is used by the Scotland Office.
The Royal Arms have regularly appeared on the coinage produced by the Royal Mint including, for example, from 1663, the Guinea and, from 1983, the British one pound coin. In 2008, a new series of designs for all seven coins of £1 and below was unveiled by the Royal Mint, every one of which is drawn from the Royal Arms. The full Royal Arms appear on the one pound coin, and sections appear on each of the other six, such that they can be put together like a puzzle to make another complete representation of the Royal Arms.
The monarch grant Royal Warrants to select businesses and tradespeople which supply the Royal Household with goods or services. This entitles those business to display the Royal Arms on their packaging and stationery by way of advertising.
A banner of the Royal Arms, known as the Royal Standard, is flown from the royal palaces when the monarch is in residence, Windsor Castle and Buckingham Palace being her principal abodes; and from public buildings only when the monarch is present. This protocol equally applies to the monarch's principal residences in Scotland (the Palace of Holyroodhouse and Balmoral Castle), where the Royal Standard (Scottish version) is flown. When the monarch is not in residence the Union Flag, or in Scotland the ancient Royal Standard of Scotland, is flown.
The widely sold British newspaper The Times uses the Hanoverian Royal Arms as a logo, whereas its sister publication, The Sunday Times, displays the current Royal Arms.
The Royal Arms were also displayed by all Viceroys of Australia as representation of their Crown authority.
- See also: Royal coat of arms of Scotland
Since the Union of the Crowns in 1603, a separate version of the Royal Arms has been used in Scotland, giving the Scottish elements pride of place.
The crest atop the Crown of Scotland is a red lion, seated and forward facing, itself wearing the Crown of Scotland and holding the two remaining elements of the Honours of Scotland, namely the Sword of State and the Sceptre of Scotland. This was also the crest used in the Royal Arms of the Kingdom of Scotland. The motto, in Scots, appears above the crest, in the tradition of Scottish heraldry, and is an abbreviated form of the full motto: In My Defens God Me Defend.
The supporters change sides and both appear wearing the crowns of their respective Kingdom. The dexter supporter is a crowned and chained unicorn, symbolising Scotland. The sinister supporter is a crowned lion, symbolising England. Between each supporter and the shield is a lance displaying the flag of their respective Kingdom.
The coat also features both the motto Nemo me impune lacessit (No one wounds (touches) me with impunity) and, surrounding the shield, the collar of the Order of the Thistle. On the compartment are a number of thistles, Scotland's national flower.
England, Wales and Northern Ireland
Unlike the Acts of Union 1707 with Scotland, the Acts of Union 1800 with Ireland did not provide for a separate Irish version of the royal arms. The crest of the Kingdom of Ireland (on a wreath Or and Azure, a tower triple-towered of the First, from the portal a hart springing Argent attired and unguled Or) has had little or no official use since the union. When the Irish Free State established its own seals in the 1930s, the "Fob Seal" used on letters of credence varied the British arms by having the harp in two quarters.
The harp quarter of the Royal Arms represents Ireland on both the English and Scottish versions. Likewise, one English quarter is retained in the Scottish version, and one Scottish quarter is retained in the English version. Thus, England, Scotland and Ireland are represented in all versions of the Royal Arms since they came under one monarch. By contrast, there is no representation at all for Wales in the Royal Arms, as at the Act of Union 1707 Wales was an integral part of the Kingdom of England pursuant to the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542; thus, it can be argued Wales is represented in the English coat of arms. Wales was a kingdom when ruled by native kings, some of whom united it under one Crown, but with the English conquest it largely ceased to exist as a distinct legal entity. The Prince of Wales has ever since been the monarch's heir apparent.
Upon the accession of the Tudor monarchs, who were themselves of Welsh descent, a Welsh Dragon was used as a supporter on the Royal Arms. This was dropped by their successors, the Scottish House of Stuart, who replaced the Tudors' dragon supporter with the Scottish unicorn.
In the 20th century, the arms of the principality of Wales were added as an inescutcheon to the coat of arms of the Prince of Wales, and a banner of those arms with a green inescutcheon bearing the prince's crown is flown as his personal standard in Wales. The so-called Prince of Wales's feathers are a heraldic badge rather than a coat of arms upon a shield, but they are not Welsh in any case. They derive, in fact, from the English Princes of Wales (who may owe them to an exploit of Edward, the Black Prince at the Battle of Crécy) and carry the motto Ich dien (German, "I Serve"). In any event, they do not form part of the Royal Arms, as opposed to the heraldic achievement of the Prince of Wales, who drops them upon his accession as King.
Kingdoms of England and Scotland
The current Royal Arms are a combination of the arms of the former kingdoms that make up the United Kingdom, and can be traced back to the first arms of the Kings of England and Kings of Scots. Various alterations occurred over the years as the arms of other realms acquired or claimed by the Kings were added to the Royal Arms. The table below tracks the changes in the Royal Arms from the original arms of King Richard I of England, and William I, King of Scots.
Union of the Crowns and the Commonwealth
|The Union of the Crowns places England, Ireland and Scotland under one monarch|
||1603–1689||James VI, King of Scots inherited the English and Irish thrones in 1603 (Union of the Crowns), and quartered the Royal Arms of England with those of Scotland. For the first time, the Royal Coat of Arms of Ireland was added to represent the Kingdom of Ireland. (The Scottish version differs in giving the Scottish elements more precedence.)|
These novel arms, already in use by parliamentarians in 1648, were adopted by the Commonwealth of England established in 1649.
The Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland (the Protectorate) was created in 1653. St Andrew's Cross was added to the arms in 1654.
||1655–1659||The arms of the Commonwealth from 1655 to 1659. Struck in 1655, the Great Seal included the personal arms of Oliver Cromwell on a shield in the centre.
Blazon: Quarterly 1 and 4 Argent a Cross Gules (England) 2 Azure a Saltire Argent (Scotland) and 3 Azure a Harp Or Stringed Argent (Ireland) on an Inescutcheon Sable a Lion Rampant Argent (Cromwell's arms). The supporters were a crowned lion of England and a red dragon of Wales. The Scottish unicorn was removed, as it was associated with the Stuart Monarchy. The motto read PAX QUÆRITUR BELLO ("peace is obtained through war").
Following the Protectorate, the 1654 arms were restored.
||1603–1689||Charles II restored the Royal Arms following the restoration after the civil wars.|
|
0
| 2
| 0
|
able.
Bookmark this item: //www.loc.gov/exhibits/archives/intn.html#obj6
The next 1932 letter documents in great detail the devastating effects of collectivization in the Novosibirsk area of Siberia. An accompanying physician's report describes the deleterious medical conditions the famine has produced. This document is among the first detailed descriptions of the collectivization and its results in Siberia.
Bookmark this item: //www.loc.gov/exhibits/archives/intn.html#obj7
Bookmark this item: //www.loc.gov/exhibits/archives/intn.html#obj8
The Soviet Union was the first state to have as an ideological objective the elimination of religion. Toward that end, the Communist regime confiscated church property, ridiculed religion, harassed believers, and propagated atheism in the schools. Actions toward particular religions, however, were determined by State interests, and most organized religions were never outlawed.
The main target of the anti-religious campaign in the 1920s and 1930s was the Russian Orthodox Church, which had the largest number of faithful. Nearly all of its clergy, and many of its believers, were shot or sent to labor camps. Theological schools were closed, and church publications were prohibited. By 1939 only about 500 of over 50,000 churches remained open.
After Nazi Germany's attack on the Soviet Union in 1941, Joseph Stalin revived the Russian Orthodox Church to intensify patriotic support for the war effort. By 1957 about 22,000 Russian Orthodox churches had become active. But in 1959 Nikita Khrushchev initiated his own campaign against the Russian Orthodox Church and forced the closure of about 12,000 churches. By 1985 fewer than 7,000 churches remained active. Members of the church hierarchy were jailed or forced out, their places taken by docile clergy, many of whom had ties with the KGB.
Campaigns against other religions were closely associated with particular nationalities, especially if they recognized a foreign religious authority such as the Pope. By 1926, the Roman Catholic Church had no bishops left in the Soviet Union, and by 1941 only two of the almost 1,200 churches that had existed in 1917, mostly in Lithuania, were still active. The Ukrainian Catholic Church (Uniate), linked with Ukrainian nationalism, was forcibly subordinated in 1946 to the Russian Orthodox Church, and the Autocephalous Orthodox Churches of Belorussia and Ukraine were suppressed twice, in the late 1920s and again in 1944.
Attacks on Judaism were endemic throughout the Soviet period, and the organized practice of Judaism became almost impossible. Protestant denominations and other sects were also persecuted. The All-Union Council of Evangelical Christian Baptists, established by the government in 1944, typically was forced to confine its activities to the narrow act of worship and denied most opportunities for religious teaching and publication. Fearful of a pan-Islamic movement, the Soviet regime systematically suppressed Islam by force, until 1941. The Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union that year led the government to adopt a policy of official toleration of Islam while actively encouraging atheism among Muslims.
Bookmark this item: //www.loc.gov/exhibits/archives/intn.html#obj9
Here is a letter of March 19, 1922, from Lenin via Molotov to members of the Politburo, outlining a brutal plan of action against the “Black Hundreds” clergy and their followers, who were defying the government decree to remove church valuables (purported by the government to be used to fund famine relief). Lenin proposed the arrest and quick trial of the insurrectionists in Shuia, followed by a ruthless campaign to shoot a large number of the reactionary clergy and bourgeoisie and urged that removal of valuables from the richest churches and monasteries be finished quickly.
Bookmark this item: //www.loc.gov/exhibits/archives/intn.html#obj10
In the years immediately following their accession to power in 1917, the Bolsheviks took measures to prevent challenges to their new regime, beginning with eliminating political opposition. When the freely-elected Constituent Assembly did not acknowledge the primacy of the Bolshevik government, Vladimir Lenin dissolved it in January 1918. The Left Socialist Revolutionary Party, which protested the action, withdrew from the Bolshevik coalition in March, and its members were automatically branded enemies of the people. Numerous opposition groups posed military threats from various parts of the country, placing the survival of the revolution in jeopardy. Between 1918 and 1921, a state of civil war existed.
Bolshevik policy toward its detractors, and particularly toward articulate, intellectual criticism, hardened considerably. Suppression of newspapers, initially described as a temporary measure, became a permanent policy. Lenin considered the Constitutional Democrats (Kadets) the center of a conspiracy against Bolshevik rule. In 1919, he began mass arrests of professors and scientists who had been Kadets, and deported Kadets, Socialist Revolutionaries, Mensheviks, and Nationalists. The Bolshevik leadership sought rapidly to purge Russia of past leaders in order to build the future on a clean slate.
These harsh measures alienated a large number of the intellectuals who had supported the overthrow of the tsarist order. The suppression of democratic institutions evoked strong protests from academics and artists, who felt betrayed in their idealistic belief that revolution would bring a free society. Writers who had emigrated shortly after the revolution published stinging attacks on the new government from abroad. As a result, further exit permits for artists were generally denied.
The disenchantment of the majority of intellectuals did not surprise Lenin, who saw the old Russian intelligentsia as a kind of rival to his “party of a new type,” which alone could bring revolutionary consciousness to the working class. In his view, artists generally served bourgeois interests, a notion that fueled the persecution of intellectuals throughout the Soviet period.
Bookmark this item: //www.loc.gov/exhibits/archives/intn.html#obj11
The pattern of suppressing intellectual activity, with intermittent periods of relaxation, helped the party leadership reinforce its authority. After 1923, when threats to the revolution's survival had disappeared, intellectuals enjoyed relative creative freedom while the regime concentrated on improving the country's economic plight by allowing limited free enterprise under the Lenin's New Economic Policy.
But in 1928, the Central Committee established the right of the party to exercise guidance over literature; and in 1932 literary and artistic organizations were restructured to promote a specified style called socialist realism. Works that did not contribute to the building of socialism were banned. Lenin had seen the need for increasing revolutionary consciousness in workers. Stalin now asserted that art should not merely serve society, but do so in a way determined by the party and its megalomaniacal plans for transforming society. As a result, artists and intellectuals as well as political figures became victims of the Great Terror of the 1930s.
During the war against Nazi Germany, artists were permitted to infuse their works with patriotism and to direct them against the enemy. The victory in 1945, however, brought a return to repression against deviation from party policy. Andrei Zhdanov, who had been Stalin's spokesman on cultural affairs since 1934, led the attack. He viciously denounced such writers as Anna Akhmatova, Boris Pasternak, and Mikhail Zoshchenko, who were labeled “anti-Soviet, underminers of socialist realism, and unduly pessimistic.” Individuals were expelled from the Union of Writers, and offending periodicals were either abolished or brought under direct party control.
Zhdanov died in 1948, but the cultural purge known as the Zhdanovshchina continued for several more years. The noted filmmaker Sergei Eisenstein and great composers such as Sergei Prokofiev and Dmitrii Shostakovich were denounced for “neglect of ideology and subservience to Western influence.” The attacks extended to scientists and philosophers and continued until after Stalin's death in 1953.
Bookmark this item: //www.loc.gov/exhibits/archives/intn.html#obj12
Creative writers enjoyed great prestige in both the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union because of literature's unique role as a sounding board for deeper political and social issues. Vladimir Lenin believed that literature and art could be exploited for ideological and political as well as educational purposes. As a result, the party rapidly established control over print and electronic media, book publishing and distribution, bookstores and libraries, and it created or abolished newspapers and periodicals at will.
Communist Party ideology influenced the creative process from the moment of artistic inspiration. The party, in effect, served as the artist's Muse. In 1932 the party established socialist realism as the only acceptable aesthetic—measuring merit by the degree to which a work contributed to building socialism among the masses. The Union of Writers was created the same year to harness writers to the Marxist-Leninist cause. Goskomizdat (State Committee for Publishing Houses, Printing Plants, and the Book Trade), in conjunction with the Union's secretariat, made all publishing decisions; the very allocation of paper became a hidden censorship mechanism. Glavlit (Main Administration for Literary and Publishing Affairs), created in 1922, was responsible for censorship, which came later in the creative process. The party's guidance had already affected the process long before the manuscript reached the censor's pen. The Soviet censorship system was thus more pervasive than that of the tsars or of most other recent dictatorships.
Mikhail Gorbachev needed to enlist the support of writers and journalists to promote his reforms. He did so by launching his policy of glasnost' in 1986, challenging the foundations of censorship by undermining the authority of the Union of Writers to determine which works were appropriate for publication. Officials from the Union were required to place works directly in the open market and to allow these works to be judged according to reader preferences, thereby removing the barrier between writer and reader and marking the beginning of the end of Communist party censorship.
Bookmark this item: //www.loc.gov/exhibits/archives/intn.html#obj13
Statistical report of March 21, 1988, from V. Chebrikov, chairman of the KGB, detailing 1987 investigations of the distribution of anonymous publications hostile to the Soviet government and the Communist Party.
Bookmark this item: //www.loc.gov/exhibits/archives/intn.html#obj14
The Communist regime considered dissent in the Soviet Union a repudiation of the proletarian struggle and a violation of Marxism-Leninism, and thus a threat to its authority. The proletariat was seen as selflessly striving for progress in the building of socialism, whereas the bourgeoisie was seen as selfishly fighting to maintain the status quo. According to Marxist ideology, class struggle was the engine of change in all social development. Vladimir Lenin's ideological contribution was to make the party itself the exclusive “vanguard of the proletariat” and thus the final arbiter of what was proletarian or bourgeois. The secret police was enlisted to enforce the party's ideology and to suppress dissent.
Because the party's legitimacy rested on the basic correctness of its ideology, failures in practical policy were never attributed to ideology itself. To maintain the party's ideological authority, religion had to be condemned outright, and history periodically revised to match the current party line. Books and magazines viewed as no longer politically correct were removed from libraries. Scientists, artists, poets, and others, including many who did not think of themselves as dissidents but whose work appeared critical of Soviet life, were systematically persecuted and even prosecuted. Often they were declared either enemies of the state and imprisoned, or insane and committed to punitive mental hospitals.
To speak for human rights or to support freedom of expression was to question the very basis of Marxism-Leninism and the legitimacy of the party's rule. Among those harassed and persecuted were world-renowned artists and scientists, including Nobel Prize winners Boris Pasternak, who was forced to refuse his prize; Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, who was forcibly removed from the USSR; and Andrei Sakharov, who was expelled from the Academy of Sciences and internally exiled to a closed city.
A prime mover of change was Mikhail Gorbachev, whose policy of glasnost' allowed freedom of expression and resulted in the abandonment of Marxist-Leninist ideology and a loss of legitimacy for the party.
Letter about Pasternak.
Bookmark this item: //www.loc.gov/exhibits/archives/intn.html#obj15
In a telegram from 1971, noted Soviet physicist Andrei Sakharov supports the protests of two dissidents, V. Fainberg and V. Borisov, who have been hospitalized in a Leningrad psychiatric institution for “asocial behavior.” An accompanying memorandum from the USSR Minister of Health affirms the legitimacy and advisability of hospitalizing the two dissidents in the institution, run by the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and denies the use of mind-altering medications in their treatment.
Soviet physicist Andrei Sakharov's telegram supporting the protests of two dissidents, V. Fainberg and V. Borisov. [image not available at this time]
Bookmark this item: //www.loc.gov/exhibits/archives/intn.html#obj16
The dreadful famine that engulfed Ukraine, the northern Caucasus, and the lower Volga River area in 1932-1933 was the result of Joseph Stalin's policy of forced collectivization. The heaviest losses occurred in Ukraine, which had been the most productive agricultural area of the Soviet Union. Stalin was determined to crush all vestiges of Ukrainian nationalism. Thus, the famine was accompanied by a devastating purge of the Ukrainian intelligentsia and the Ukrainian Communist party itself. The famine broke the peasants' will to resist collectivization and left Ukraine politically, socially, and psychologically traumatized.
The policy of all-out collectivization instituted by Stalin in 1929 to finance industrialization had a disastrous effect on agricultural productivity. Nevertheless, in 1932 Stalin raised Ukraine's grain procurement quotas by forty-four percent. This meant that there would not be enough grain to feed the peasants, since Soviet law required that no grain from a collective farm could be given to the members of the farm until the government's quota was met. Stalin's decision and the methods used to implement it condemned millions of peasants to death by starvation. Party officials, with the aid of regular troops and secret police units, waged a merciless war of attrition against peasants who refused to give up their grain. Even indispensable seed grain was forcibly confiscated from peasant households. Any man, woman, or child caught taking even a handful of grain from a collective farm could be, and often was, executed or deported. Those who did not appear to be starving were often suspected of hoarding grain. Peasants were prevented from leaving their villages by the NKVD and a system of internal passports.
The death toll from the 1932-33 famine in Ukraine has been estimated between six million and seven million. According to a Soviet author, “Before they died, people often lost their senses and ceased to be human beings.” Yet one of Stalin's lieutenants in Ukraine stated in 1933 that the famine was a great success. It showed the peasants “who is the master here. It cost millions of lives, but the collective farm system is here to stay.”
Bookmark this item: //www.loc.gov/exhibits/archives/intn.html#obj17
Joseph Stalin's forcible resettlement of over 1.5 million people, mostly Muslims, during and after World War II is now viewed by many human rights experts in Russia as one of his most drastic genocidal acts. Volga Germans and seven nationalities of Crimea and the northern Caucasus were deported: the Crimean Tatars, Kalmyks, Chechens, Ingush, Balkars, Karachai, and Meskhetians. Other minorities evicted from the Black Sea coastal region included Bulgarians, Greeks, and Armenians.
Resistance to Soviet rule, separatism, and widespread collaboration with the German occupation forces were among the official reasons for the deportation of these non-Russian peoples. The possibility of a German attack was used to justify the resettlement of the ethnically mixed population of Mtskheta, in southwestern Georgia. The Balkars were punished for allegedly having sent a white horse as a gift to Adolf Hitler.
The deportees were rounded up and transported, usually in railroad cattle cars, to Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kirgizia, and Siberia—areas called “human dumping grounds” by historian Robert Conquest. Most estimates indicate that close to two-fifths of the affected populations perished. The plight of the Crimean Tatars was exceptionally harsh; nearly half died of hunger in the first eighteen months after being banished from their homeland.
In February 1956, Nikita Khrushchev condemned the deportations as a violation of Leninist principles. In his “secret speech” to the Twentieth Party Congress, he stated that the Ukrainians avoided such a fate “only because there were too many of them and there was no place to which to deport them.” That year, the Soviet government issued decrees on the restoration of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Republic and the Kabardino-Balkar Autonomous Republic, the formation of the Kalmyk Autonomous Oblast', and the reorganization of the Cherkess Autonomous Oblast' into the Karachai-Cherkess Autonomous Oblast'. The Crimean Tatars, Meskhetians, and Volga Germans, however, were only partially rehabilitated and were not, for the most part, permitted to return to their homelands until after the disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991.
Bookmark this item: //www.loc.gov/exhibits/archives/intn.html#obj18
The Jewish Antifascist Committee (JAC) was formed in Kuibyshev in April 1942. Two Polish Jewish socialists, Henryk Erlich and Viktor Alter (both of whom were later secretly executed), may have proposed the idea to Lavrenti Beria, the head of the NKVD. The organization was meant to serve the interests of Soviet foreign policy and the Soviet military through media propaganda—as well as through personal contacts with Jews abroad, especially in Britain and the United States, designed to influence public opinion and enlist foreign support for the Soviet war effort.
The chairman of the JAC was Solomon Mikhoels, a famous actor and director of the Moscow Yiddish State Theater. Shakne Epshtein, a Yiddish journalist, was the secretary and editor of the JAC's newspaper, Einikait (Unity). Other prominent JAC members were the poet Itsik Feffer, a former member of the Bund (a Jewish socialist movement that existed from 1897 to 1921 and supported the Mensheviks), the writer Il'ia Ehrenburg, General Aaron Katz of the Stalin Military Academy, and Boris Shimelovich, the chief surgeon of the Red Army, as well as some non-Jews from the arts, sciences, and the military.
A year after its establishment, the JAC was moved to Moscow and became one of the most important centers of Jewish
|
0
| 2
| 1
|
kısmetler versin. İnşallah mutlu yuva kurarsın; ama falcıdan beklediğin nedir? Bak artık ekranlar, evlenemeyen herkesi evlendireceğini vaat eden programlardan geçilmiyor. Falcı, sana duymak isteyeceğini söyleyip senin kendi kendini en az bir 5 yıl daha oyalanmanı sağlamaktan başka ne yapar?
"Eşim ve çocuğum için geleceğimiz hakkında bilgi almak istiyorum."
Niye ve ne ile ilgili bilgi alacaksın? Hadi aldın, ne olacak? Bırakın hatunlar şu eşlerinizin yakasını... Kendinize saygınız olsun biraz.
Bir de burç uyumu var tabii Allah muhafaza, ya koç burcu balık ile anlaşamazsa; "Kusura bakma aşkım. Burç uyumsuzluğu, aramızda aşılması imkansız bir engeldir" veya "Belki yükselenden kurtarabiliriz" ya da "Varsın karakterimiz, huyumuz, suyumuz, kültürümüz, görgümüz, uyuşmasın. Burçlarımız uyuşsun yeter." mi diyeceğiz?
Akla zarar durumlar var bir de. Mesela internette yada TV'deki bazı kanallarda bu işleri üstlenmiş, yani çiftlerin burç uyum-uyumsuzluk meselesini üstlenmiş işsizler vardır. Sen, kendi ismini ve sevdiğin kişinin ismini gönderirsin; o da dakikasında sizin uyumunuzu-uyumsuzluğunuzu yazar. Sen bilmiyor musun uyup uymadığını sevdiğin kişi ile?
Bir de "yıldızname" var; halk arasında "kitap aralama" da denir. Bunun da burçları vardır. Burcunuzu öğrenebilmek için isminiz ve anne isminizin hesaplamasına ihtiyaç vardır. Bu hesaplamaya ebced değeri denir. Fala olan merak bu ebced değer hesaplamasında adeta bir patlama meydana getirmiş ve hiçbir şey, bu kadar öğrenilmek istenmemiş... Üşenmedim, sitenin ziyaretçi defterine tek tek baktım. Tam "Güleriz ağlanacak halimize" hesabı... Bazı ilginç yorumları buraya da aktardım;
"......'nın değerini öğrenebilirsem sevinirim. Ben, yaptım aslında; ama emin değilim"
Nasıl yani?
"Annemin adını bir türlü hesaplayamıyorum. Annemin adı, ....... Yardımcı olursanız sevinirim."
"Ebced hesabına göre ismimin nasıl yazıldığını bilmiyorum. Sin harfinin yanına ye koymalı mı yoksa sin nun mim'den ibaret mi. Sizden ricam; benim, kardeşlerimin ve çocuklarımın ebced değerini bildirmeniz. Sağlıklı, sevgi dolu ve mutlulukla kalın. Adresim bu ......, çok teşekkür ederim. İsimlere gelince, ......"
"......, ....., ...... isimlerinin değerlerini bulamadım" vs.
Bu da ayrı bir bilmece, buyrun;
"Ya şimdi bu yıldızname ne kadar doğru. Yani bu tarihlerde doğanlar, hep böyle olur mu yoksa Allah mı bilir. Neye göre yazılıyor bütün bunlar. Kim karar vermiş böyle olacağına. Kader ve kaza o zaman niye var. Bu üstteki resimler neyi anlatıyor. Resimdeki adamlar ne yapıyor orda. Yanı bu sizin yazdıklarınız, biraz ileriyi görmeyi iddia etmek değil mi?"
Bir başka yorum:
"İlk defa baktırıyorum,"
Neye ve senin göremediğin neyi görecektir?
"......'nın değerini öğrenebilirsem sevinirim. Ben, yaptım aslında, ama emin değilim..."
"Ebced hesabına göre ismimin nasıl yazıldığını bilmiyorum. Sin harfinin yanına ye koymalı mı yoksa sin nun mim den ibaret mi?"
Ve daha sayısız meraklı... Acaba hayata dair, yaşama ve insan olamaya dair asıl değerler için bu kadar kafa yoruyor muyuz? Hiç sanmıyorum!.. Ve dikkat çeken, tamamı ile doğru bir yorum değil! Bence uyarı niteliğindeki bir başka yorum Yıldızname (ve falın her türlüsü boşa vakit harcamaktan ve de sizin hem paranızı hem umutlarınızı sömürmek için adeta bunu sektör haline getirmiş sahtekarlara kapı açmanın yanı sıra, (y. n) sihirdir ve şirk koşmaktır Allah'a! Aklınızı başınıza alın lütfen, gaybı sadece Allah-u Teala hazretleri bilir. O, DİLEMEDİKÇE HİÇBİR ŞEY OLMAZ! Fal unsuru içeren ne varsa İslam'la alakası YOKTUR. Gayb'ın bilgisi, sadece Allah katındadır. Dînen kesinlikle günahtır, bunu unutmayalım.
Yazıyı hazırlamaktaki amacım, azıcık gülümsetmek, çokça düşündürmekti
Not: Bu yazının hazırlanmasında www.gizliilimler.tr.gg'nin "ziyaretçi defteri", "fal", "yıldızname" başlıklı sayfalarında yer alan ziyaretçi-katılımcı yorumlarından hem ilham aldım, hem de faydalandım. Herkese teşekkür ederim...مدیرکل امور ورزشی وزارت تعاون کار و رفاه اجتماعی در سفر به ارومیه از مجموعه ورزشی کارگران این شهرستان بازدید به عمل آورد.
به گزارش خبرنگار ایلنا ؛ جواد رمضی در جریان بازدید از مجموعه ورزشی مجهز و زیبای شهرستان ارومیه گفت: نگهداری از اماکن ورزشی بمراتب اهمیت بالایی دارد و به اعتقاد من حفظ و نگهداری اینگونه مجموعه ها با توجه به نیروها و بودجه های محدود کار دشواری است که همکاران ما در این مجموعه به خوبی از عهده این مهم بر آمده اند.
رمضی که به همراه مسئول ورزش کارگری و مدیر مجموعه ورزشی کارگران ارومیه از بخش های مختلف این مجموعه بازدید می کرد افزود: از ساعات اولیه صبح بنده خانواده هایی را دیدم که اطراف پیست چمن مجموعه در حال ورزش کردن هستند و این صحنه ها بیانگر مدیریت خوبی است که بر مجموعه حاکم است و در جذب مردم به ورزش موفق عمل کرده است.
سرپرست اداره کل امور ورزشی به فضاهای خوب ورزشگاه اشاره کرد و افزود: زمین چمن استاندارد و مناسب ؛ سالن چند منظوره ؛ استخر و ساختمان اداری باعث شده تا مسابقات مختلف را بتوان در مجموعه کارگران ارومیه میزبانی کرد و از آنجا که در منطقه جغرافیایی خوبی هم واقع شده محلی مناسب برای مسابقات و همچنین استفاده خانواده ها از این فضای برای بالابردن میزان سلامتی و حفظ نشاط و شادابی کارگران و خانواده های ایشان می باشد.然而，机器人的最重要的核心则是机器人的大脑，一般采用计算机控制系统（PC机、嵌入式计算机系统等），简单的可采用单片机系统。机器人的大脑由集成电路组成，主要负责信息处理，发布指令的功能，支配着整个机器人机体的正常运作。
机器人大脑的深度学习
可通过计算机系统实现人机对话的交互型机器人的大脑表现了更高一些的智力，表现在于它不仅具有机器人在一般情况下的决策能力，更具有与外界交换信息模拟人类对话的能力。
人会捕捉他人的动作并加以记忆，并以观察与模仿再次重现该动作。同时，人也会在此过程中理解对方的动作意图，进行“学习”这项高级的精神活动。“拟人化”就是将此过程归纳并泛化，以便于让人理解非人者的动作行为。拟人化行为通过将非人的东西视为人类，记忆并解析其行为，然后再以模仿的方式重现其特征并传达给其他人。
荷兰乌得勒支大学医学中心神经学家马特因·范登赫费尔发现，较聪明的大脑神经元之间似乎存在更多高效网络———换句话说，在大脑不同区域之间传递信息所需的步骤较少。一个族群的智商差异大约有1/3 是由此决定的。机器人自主学习的过程也就是在不断提高其神经网络的效率的过程。
近年来“深度学习”逐渐成为机器学习研究中的一个新的领域，其动机在于建立、模拟人脑进行分析学习的神经网络，模仿人脑的机制来识别图像、声音和文本等数据。
在许多情形中深度为2的神经网络就足够表示任何一个带有给定目标精度的函数。但是其代价是图中所需要的节点数(比如计算和参数数量)可能变的非常大。理论结果证实那些事实上所需要的节点数随着输入的大小指数增长的函数族是存在的。
我们可以将深度架构看做一种因子分解。大部分随机选择的函数不能被有效地表示，无论是用深的或者浅的架构。但是许多能够有效地被深度架构表示的却不能被用浅的架构高效表示。
大脑有一个深度架构。例如，视觉皮质得到了很好的研究，并显示出一系列的区域，在每一个这种区域中包含一个输入的表示和从一个到另一个的信号流。这个特征层次的每一层表示在一个不同的抽象层上的输入，并在层次的更上层有着更多的抽象特征，他们根据低层特征定义。
深度学习认知过程逐层进行，逐步抽象。在实际中的例证是很常见的，如人类层次化地组织思想和概念；人类首先学习简单的概念，然后用他们去表示更抽象的；工程师将任务分解成多个抽象层次去处理。
目前研究者们正在将深度学习用于机器人对语言的情绪识别，在这之前应用最广的情绪分析是“词袋（bag of wodrds）”模型，并没有将词序列入考虑范围。词袋中的词汇被标记为正面或负面的，通过计数来评估整个句子或段落的含义是正面还是负面。将词汇单独分析的方法并不准确，必须将其放入到越来越大的结构中。研究者抽取了12000个句子，并将其粗略分割为214000个词组，每个词组被标记为负面、中立或正面（数字表示），计算机科学家称这些数字化的表述为“特征表示”，类似于人脑理解概念和定义的方式。如何分析和组织这些被标记的数据才是NaSent算法的核心。
以下通过对两个句子的分析来理解这个算法： Unlike the surreal Leon, this movie is weird but likeable.
Unlike the surreal but likeable Leon, this movie is weird.
这两个句子中使用的词汇完全相同，“词袋”模型分析显然不会得到正确的结果。NaSent算法首先会为每个句子构造文法树，如下图所示：
如上图所示“surreal but likeable Leon”是一个正面词组，但“this movie is weird”是负面的，整个句子得到的分析结果也是负面的。
相比之前模型80%的准确率，NaSent的准确率达到了85%。
机器人时代的最强大脑会由这些公司打造吗?
人工智能技术在物联网、机器人时代会产生什么样的影响，哪些公司会因此受益？
1、AI会成为物联网时代的基础设施，万物互联迈向万物智能
万物互联迈向万物智能，分为三个阶段实现：
1）、硬件联网：硬件接入互联网，获取云端信息，远程操控，互通互联
2）、硬件智能交互：人可以与硬件直接通过语言交流，通过语言获取各种服务
3）、硬件智能化：硬件具备学习、感知、决策的能力，会了解主人的性格、情绪和习惯，具备云端大脑，具有决策能力，能够更好的为主人服务
在此过程中，人工智能技术将作为一种基础设施推动智能硬件从联网进化为智慧，“机器”进化为“机器人”，最终推动万物互联迈向万物智能时代。
2、语音交互技术成为物联网时代核心管网，最重要的交互方式之一
从技术层面上讲，人工智能技术主要包括：语音识别、自然语言处理、计算机视觉；人工智能成为物联网时代最重要的基础设施之一，相关核心技术就是组成基础设施的核心管网。
PC时代最重要的交互方式是键盘，智能机时代最重要的交互方式是触屏，物联网（机器人）时代，语音交互将成为最重要的交互方式之一。这意味着未来整个机器人生态链，从上游的芯片、方案到终端产品研发，从系统底层机器人OS，到上层UI，应用开发，数据存储，内容呈现等等从都必须围绕语音交互这种新的交互方式。无疑，掌握语音交互核心技术（唤醒、远距离语音识别、语义理解等）的平台级公司未来会发挥巨大的价值。
目前，语音交互技术在一些领域已成为刚需，市场规模呈现爆发式增长态势，总起来有几条较为清晰的脉络：
1） 语音交互技术的应用从下游终端往上游方案商、芯片走，形成软硬一体化解决方案，出货量数量级倍增。
2） 从车载、智能家居（音频）、玩具等垂直领域场景率先爆发，出货量达百万级别，语音交互成为标配。
3） 语义识别需求爆发，与内容（场景）紧密结合
语音识别需求爆发，语义识别（自然语言理解）需求随之爆发。语音识别是将一段音频变成文本，但这段文本是什么意思，就需要进行语义解析。当智能硬件（机器人）“能听会说”之后，更重要也更难的是让其和人一样学会“理解”和“思考”，而且这种“理解”和“思考”一定要与特定领域和场景相结合。 决定人和人之间差别的是“大脑”，对智能硬件也是如此。
目前语音技术的应用场景和产品还不够多，当未来亿万家庭中的数十亿设备以语音交互作为主流交互方式，这条管道像太平洋那么粗时，人工智能时代就真正来临了。
3、国内现状
国内语音技术产业界分为三股势力（不考虑BAT等巨头）：
1）、做语音助手起家：聚熵智能、图灵、出门问问
聚熵智能：推出国内第一个中文siri产品—智能360，全球第一个推出Home AI智能产品-小智超级音箱，比亚马逊Echo早半年，2015年推出小智管家机器人和Home AI云平台，后者让智能设备具备从感知到认知的能力，关键能力包含：音乐，智能设备互联互通，生活服务以及机器深度学习等，想打造机器人时代的“Google”。
图灵（虫洞）：推出虫洞语音助手，虫洞语义云，图灵机器人等产品，图灵机器人是一款机器人大脑，可为智能化软硬件产品提供中文语义分析、自然语言对话、深度问答等人工智能技术服务。
出门问问：推出语音助手—出门问问，中文语音智能交互手表Ticwatch，以及中文语音交互智能手表操作系统Ticwear，支持中文语音交互，周边热点查询、语音打车等多样本地服务，前几天刚推出针对车载领域的—开车问问。
2）做语音识别起家：讯飞、云知声、思必驰
讯飞：国内语音巨头，既做语音技术提供方（讯飞语音云开放平台），也提供软硬一体化方案，也开发产品（讯飞语点、开心熊宝、叮咚音箱等）
云知声，思必驰：做语音技术提供方，同时提供软硬一体化方案（车载、智能家居、机器人领域）。
3）、巨头前人工智能负责人创办企业：地平线机器人、杭州灵伴科技有限公司
地平线机器人：前百度深度学习研究院创始人余凯2015年8月创立，推出面向自动驾驶的”雨果“平台，面向智能家居的”安徒生“平台，号称要做“机器人时代的英特尔”，使“智能硬件”变“机器人”。
杭州灵伴科技有限公司：前阿里M实验室负责人Misa 创办，团队实力强劲产品：语音陪伴机器人rokid，号称要做“机器人时代的苹果”。
4、小结
1） 人工智能技术拐点临近，它的影响将无所不在，加速推动万物互联迈向万物智能。
2） 未来所有的智能硬件，都将进化为“机器人”，拥有“大脑“和”智慧“。
3） 语音交互成为智能硬件（机器人）时代最重要的交互方式，并将深刻影响产业变革。
4） 语义识别需求爆发，语义识别的平台级公司会有巨大的价值。中文语音识别对国外巨头而言难度不大，但由于语言文化壁垒，针对中文语义解析，必然是中国企业做的最好。
5） 未来的AI之王必然属于创业公司，也许机器人时代的“最强大脑”将诞生在他们中间，但巨头的影响无处不在。以上列的三股势力，几乎每家背后都有巨头声影。
人工智能领域的专家或机器人生态的构建者将胜出
● 国内服务机器人市场鱼龙混杂，当下机器人概念火热，很多简单的机械结构或组合也号称是机器人厂商，如“Walking Pad”、仅会运动的机械玩具等，此类并不能称为真正的机器人。机器人的“大脑”将决定其功效和等级。
● 此外，机器人的发展亦
|
0
| 2
| 2
|
.726 meters.
In spite of its small size the climate on Lombok can vary a lot. Parts of the island is quite wet, while other areas are dry and sometimes have long periods of drought which have in past times even lead to famine. Lombok is in general more dry than Bali, but there are more rain here than on Sumbawa and the islands further east. Like on Bali there are two main seasons, the wet season lasts from about November to March
Flora and fauna of Lombok
Lombok is one of the islands in the area called “Wallacea”, a transitional zone between the Asian and Australian wildlife (see also Nusa Tenggara, Sulawesi and Maluku). Animals from both these zones live side by side, and the fauna here is quite different from Bali’s, even if these two islands are relatively close.
People and Religion
The population (2000) is about 2.4 million, Mataram on the west coast is the capital with a population of approx. 250.000. Unlike Bali the majority of the population here are Muslim, belonging to the largest ethnic group “Sasak”. Lombok also has a large group of Chinese, mainly Christians, and Arabs. About 10 percent of the population are Balinese Hindus, who still perform much of the same rituals and ceremonies as on Bali, and there are several Hindu temples on the island.
The Wektu Telu religion, a unique religion only found on Lombok, probably originated in the northern town of Bayan. The number of followers today is about 30.000, but nobody knows the exact number for certain. In Sasak language “Wektu” means result, “telu” means three, this probably reflects the Hindu trinity. The religion contains elements from Hindu, Islam and animist traditions.
The followers can eat pork, they fast only three days during Ramadan, but they never do a pilgrimage, even though they bury the dead with the head facing Mecca. Allah is recognized as the only god and Muhammed as his prophet, they regard themselves as Muslims, even if orthodox Muslims don’t accept this. Wektu Telu has it’s own ceremonies, but as most of these do not fall on specific days they are rarely experienced by visitors to the island.
Main income is agriculture, fishing and textiles. The increasing number of inhabitants has on several occasions led to famine, as late as in 1966 when severe drought killed about 50.000 people. As a consequence many has left Lombok to settle on other islands as part of the governments “transmigrasi” project.
To deal with the drought problems other forms of income besides farming has been developed, like pottery, growing of pearls and seafood. Lately Lombok has become a popular alternative to Bali regarding tourism. Senggigi just north of Mataram is the center for tourism here, but also in the south (Kuta) there are big plans for new hotels and an airport.
There is not much we know about Lombok before the 17th century, the island was then split into four regions; Pagasangan, Pagutan, Mataram and Cakranegara, each ruled by a Sasak king. The rivalry between the different regions was taken advantage of by the Balinese kingdom of Karangasem when they invaded West Lombok, and in 1750 they controlled the entire island. The Sasak’s became assimilated in the Balinese society on West Lombok, where they took part in the Hindu traditions. On East Lombok however there was a much less harmonic relationship, and there was several riots against the Balinese aristocracy, like in 1855 and 1871.
In 1891 Sasak envoys asked the Dutch on Bali for help and military support against the Balinese rulers, in return the Dutch were invited to rule Lombok. A treaty with the rebels in eastern Lombok was signed in 1894, and a large army was sent to the island. The Balinese king Ratu Agung Ngurah first capitulated, but the younger Balinese princes overruled him and attacked and routed the Dutch.
The victory was short-lived, reinforcements were brought in from Java and after bloody battles the Balinese Rajah had to capitulate again. The Dutch had to pay a large price for the victory, 1.000 of about 4.000 soldiers were killed during the fights. Many Balinese, including the royal family, later committed “puputan”, a mass suicide were they walked unarmed into the Dutch rifles.
The Dutch put the island and it’s people under strict rule with high taxes, and the villagers were forced to sell more and more of their rice crops to pay the taxes. The amount of rice available for consumption fell drastically and famine ravaged the island on several occasions. Despite these problems the Dutch are quite popular as the people who freed Lombok from Balinese rule. Lombok became a part of the new province of West Nusa Tenggara in 1958, and Mataram became the capital in this province.
Art and culture
Bali and the Balinese influence on the local culture is still visible, especially on the western parts of Lombok. West Lombok can look a bit like East Bali with it’s many temples. Lombok also has its own unique form of dance and music, often performed in relation with large ceremonies which are held at the highlights of life like birth, wedding and funeral. Trials of strength among men are very popular in the Sasak society, “peresehan” is a fight between two men using long rattan staves and small shields
value in selected patients. viagra kaufen preis on the level 3-4.
Sildenafil buy viagra online report addresses these issues, not only as isolated health.
dysfunction in a general population of men who were 40than half cialis otc usa.
. Lanca is another way of fighting were the men use their knees to strike each other.
The crafts traditions is normally focused on products of everyday use, like baskets, pottery and textiles, not so much for beauty itself like on Bali. Still traditional Lombok handicrafts are popular among collectors and tourists, especially ikat-textiles.
Lombok is easily accessible, there are regular flights to and from the island every day, and frequent arrivals of boats from Bali. There are many hotels of all standards, if you arrive off season there is no need to book in advance. The roads are reasonably good, you can go with a bemo or a bus to the most populated areas. As usual the easiest way to get around is to rent your own car, or a motor bike for those who want to take their chances in the chaotic traffic.
After the unrest which followed the economic crises of 1997 the tourist industry on Lombok has been severely battered and bruised. Serious riots took place here in 2000, the Chinese population was as usual hardest hit with burnt churches, homes and shops. Also lately there has been some religious unrest here, at the moment it is again quiet and peaceful, but it is probably a good idea to check the conditions before you go to Lombok.stanotte.
chissà se si ricorderà anche di me, quaggiù.
la prima volta che misi fuori una scarpa per vedere se ero davvero stata buona sankt nikolaus me la fece trovare piena di dolcetti.
la prima volta che misi fuori una scarpa per sankt nikolaus abitavo dentro una giraffa, avevo a cena thomas e arne, parlavo una strana lingua piena di patate, fuori nevicava spesso e volentieri, viaggiavo su un trammino giallo, al lavoro mi nascondevo dietro a un ficus benjamin, mangiavo kohlrabi, sapevo dove trovare le matjes per colazione, amavo i brötchen con la marmellata di lampone o con la pasta d’acciughe.
la mia tastiera al lavoro aveva la ß al posto dell’ apostrofo, la ö al posto della o, e le altre vocali di conseguenza e, cosa peggiore di tutti, la y al posto della z, che mi faceva scrivere cose assai bislacche nelle mail internazionali.
nella casa della giraffa ho imparato a togliermi le scarpe entrando in casa d’altri e in casa mia, ho imparato la solitudine e la voglia di amici intorno, ho imparato a preparare cappuccini dopo cena, ho imparato ad aprire le caselle del calendario dell’avvento, ho imparato a fare il centrotavola di natale con le quattro candele, ho imparato a fare il feuerzangenbowle e mille altre cose.
e così oggi prenderò una delle mie scarpe più belle, la pulirò a dovere e stasera la metterò fuori dalla porta, per sentire di nuovo, a tanto tempo e a tanti chilometri di distanza, il profumo del dicembre di dresda, degli amici lontani e della neve, che piano piano scende giù.« SebelumnyaLanjutkan »
compose much of the population of the province, a number have actually borne arms against the United States within their limits, some of whom, after having done so, have become prisoners of war and are now in our possession. The British commander in that province, nevertheless, with the sanction as appears of his government, thought proper to select from American prisoners of war, and send to Great Britain for trial as criminals, a number of individuals who had emigrated from the British dominions long prior to the state of war between the two nations, who had incorporated themselves into our political society in the modes recognised by the law and practice of Great Britain, and who were made prisoners of war under the banners of their adopted country, fighting for its rights and its safety.
The protection due to these citizens requiring an effectual interposition in their behalf, a like number of British prisoners of war were put into confinement, with a notification that they would experience whatever via lence might be committed on the American prisoners of war sent to Great Britain.
It was hoped that this necessary consequence of the step unadvisedly taken on the part of Great Britain would have led her government to reflect on the inconsistencies of its conduct, and that a sympathy with the British, if not with the American sufferers, would have arrested the cruel career opened by its example.
This was unhappily not the case. In violation both of consistency and of humanity, American officers and non-commissioned officers, in double the number of the British soldiers confined here, were ordered into close confinement, with formal notice that in the event of a retaliation for the death which might be inflicted on the prisoners of war sent to Great Britain for trial, the officers so confined would be put to death also. It was notified at the same time that the commanders of the British fleets and armies on our coasts are instructed, in the same event, to proceed with a destructive severity against our towns and their inhabitants.
That no doubt might be left with the enemy of our adherence to the retaliatory resort imposed on us, a correspondent number of British officers, prisoners of war in our hands, were immediately put into close confinement, to abide the fate of those confined by the enemy; and the British govern ment has been apprized of the determination of this government to retaliate any other proceedings against us contrary to the legitimate modes of warfare.
It is as fortunate for the United States that they have it in their power to meet the enemy in this deplorable contest, as it is honorable to them that they do not join in it but under the most imperious obligations, and with the humane purpose of effectuating a return to the established usages of war.
The views of the French government on the subjects which have been so long committed to negotiation have received no elucidation since the close of your late session. The minister plenipotentiary of the United States at Paris had not been enabled by proper opportunities to press the object of his mission as prescribed by his instructions.
The militia being always to be regarded as the great bulwark of defence and security for free states, and the constitution having wisely committed to the national authority a use of that force, as the best provision against an unsafe military establishment, as well as a resource peculiarly adapted to a country
having the extent and the exposure of the United States, I recommend to Congress a revision of the militia laws for the purpose of securing more effectually the services of all detachments called into the employment, and placed under the government of the United States.
It will deserve the consideration of Congress, also, whether among other improvements in the militia laws justice does not require a regulation, under due precautions, for defraying the expense incident to the first assembling as well as the subsequent movements of the detachments called into the national service.
To give our vessels of war, public and private, the requisite advantage in their cruises, it is of much importance that they should have, both for themselves and their prizes, the use of the ports and markets of friendly powers. With this view, I recommend to Congress the expediency of such legal provisions as may supply the defects or remove the doubts of the executive authority, to allow to the cruisers of other powers at war with the enemies of the United States such use of the American ports as may correspond with the privileges allowed by such powers to American cruisers.
During the year ending on the 30th of September last, the receipts into the treasury have exceeded thirty-seven millions and a half of dollars, of which near twenty-four millions were the produce of loans. After meeting all the demands for the public service, there remained in the treasury on that day near seven millions of dollars. Under the authority contained in the act of the 2d of August last, for borrowing seven millions and a half of dollars, that sum has been obtained on terms more favorable to the United States than those of the preceding loan made during the present year. Farther sums to a considerable amount will be necessary to be obtained in the same way during the ensu. ing year, and from the increased capital of the country, from the fidelity with which the public engagements have been kept, and the public credit maintained, it may be expected on good grounds that the necessary pecuniary supplies will not be wanting.
The expenses of the current year, from the multiplied operations falling within it, have necessarily been extensive. But, on a just estimate of the campaign in which the mass of them has been incurred, the cost will not be found disproportionate to the advantages which have been gained. The campaign has, indeed, in its latter stages in one quarter, been less favorable than was expected; but in addition to the importance of our naval success, the progress of the campaign has been filled with incidents highly honorable to the American arms.
The attacks of the enemy on Craney Island, on Fort Meigs, on Sackett's Harbor, and on Sandusky, have been vigorously and successfully repulsed ; nor have they in any case succeeded on either frontier, except when directed against the peaceable dwellings of individuals or villages unprepared or undefended.
On the other hand, the movements of the American army have been followed by the reduction of York, and of Forts George, Erie, and Malden; by the recovery of Detroit and the extinction of the Indian war in the west; and by the occupancy or command of a large portion of Upper Canada. Battles have also been fought on the borders of the St: Lawrence, which, though not accomplishing their entire objects, reflect honor on the discipline and prowess of our soldiery, the best auguries of eventual victory. In the same scale are to be placed the late successes in the south, over one of the
most powerful, which had become one of the most hostile also, of the Indian tribes.
It would be improper to close this communication without expressing a thankfulness, in which all ought to unite, for the numerous blessings with which our beloved country continues to be favored; for the abundance which overspreads our land, and the prevailing health of its inhabitants; for the preservation of our internal tranquillity, and the stability of our free institutions; and above all, for the light of Divine truth and the protection of every man's conscience in the enjoyment of it. And although among our blessings we cannot number an exemption from the evils of war, yet these will never be regarded as the greatest of evils by the friends of liberty and of the rights of nations. Our country has before preferred them to the degraded condition which was the alternative when the sword was drawn in the cause which gave birth to our national independence; and none who contemplate the magnitude and feel the value of that glorious event will shrink from a struggle to maintain the high and happy ground on which it placed the American people.
With all good citizens, the justice and necessity of resisting wrongs and usurpations no longer to be borne will sufficiently outweigh the privations and sacrifices inseparable from a state of war. But it is a reflection, moreover, peculiarly consoling, that while wars are generally aggravated by their baneful effects on the internal improvements and permanent prosperity of the nations engaged in them, such is the favored situation of the United States, that the calamities of the contest into which they have been compelled to enter are mitigated by improvements and advantages of which the contest itself is the source.
If the war has increased the interruptions of our commerce, it has at the same time cherished and multiplied our manufactures so as to make us independent of all other countries for the more essential branches for which we ought to be dependent on none; and is even rapidly giving them an extent which will create additional staples in our future intercourse with foreign markets.
If much treasure has been expended, no inconsiderable portion of it has been applied to objects durable in their value and necessary to our permanent safety
If the war has exposed us to increased spoliations on the ocean, and to predatory incursions on the land, it has developed the national means of retaliating the former, and of providing protection against the latter, demonstrating to all that every blow aimed at our maritime independence is an impulse accelerating the growth of our maritime power.
By diffusing through the mass of the nation the elements of military discipline and instruction; by augmenting and distributing warlike preparations applicable to future use; by evincing the zeal and valor with which they will be employed, and the cheerfulness with which every necessary burden will be borne, a greater respect for our rights and a longer duration of our future peace are promised than could be expected without these proofs of the national character and resources.
The war has proved, moreover, that our free government, like other free governments, though slow in its early movements, acquires in its progress a force proportioned to its freedom, and that the union of these states, the guardian of the freedom and safety of all and of each, is strengthened by every occasion that puts it to the test.
In fine, the war, with all its vicissitudes, is illustrating the capacity and the destiny of the United States to be a great, a flourishing, and a powerful nation, worthy of the friendship which it is disposed to cultivate with all others, and authorized by its own example to require from all an observance of the laws of justice and reciprocity. Beyond these, their claims have never extended
|
0
| 2
| 3
|
هوا بود. میهمانان: توماس د مازییر، وزیر کشور فدرال سابق (CDU)، فعال آب و هوا، لوئیزا نویبائر (دی گرونن)، روزنامه نگار آنیا مایر و ماتیاس کوئنت، جامعه شناس.
مهمتر از همه، جملهای از لویزا نویبائر از برنامه ZDF اکنون یک دور بزرگ در شبکه ایجاد کرده است. هم صداهای موافق و هم مخالف نظر آنها را تشکیل می دهند.
... نوبائر مطمئن است: «فاجعه در راه است و ما نمیتوانیم جلوی بسیاری از آنها را بگیریم.» زیرساختها برای آن آماده نیست، مردم به اندازه کافی در برابر سیل، خشکسالی و شکست محصول محافظت نمیشوند. نوبائر به طور خلاصه می گوید: «اگر در دنیایی که آب و هوا در آن چنان غیرقابل کنترل می شود که ما راهی برای ادامه آن نداریم، از حالت اضطراری به حالت اضطراری برویم، هیچ دموکراسی دست نخورده ای وجود نخواهد داشت. این فعال اقلیم هشدار می دهد: «ما در برابر زمان می دویم.
وزیر کشور فدرال سابق مداخله کرد: «وقتی نوبت به جایگزینی زمان یا دموکراسی میرسد، من طرفدار دموکراسی هستم.» به دنبال این جمله نوبائر میآید که در حال حاضر خشم زیادی در اینترنت ایجاد کرده است: ما بین زمان و دموکراسی انتخابی نداریم.»
لانز پس از انتخاب بین زمان و دموکراسی دوباره می پرسد: "این یعنی چه؟" زیرا آنچه ما الان می بینیم، وقتی شرایط اضطراری می آید، فضاهای دموکراتیک محدود می شود.» آن وقت دیگر وقت ندارید، آن وقت اضطرار دیکته می کند و دیگر مقامات پارلمانی. عضو سبزها به طور خلاصه می گوید: «هرچه اضطرار بیشتر باشد، دموکراسی کمتری داریم!»...
*
فرانسه | انرژی | سیاست تسلیحاتی | نشست سران اتحادیه اروپا
اختلاف بر سر سیاست انرژی و تسلیحات: به همین دلیل است که بین برلین و پاریس اختلاف وجود دارد
رایزنی مشترک میان کابینه های آلمان و فرانسه به تعویق افتاد. در نشست سران اتحادیه اروپا در بروکسل، ماکرون، رئیس دولت فرانسه لحن را بیشتر کرد.
تورم بالا، افزایش هزینه های انرژی و در حال حاضر آزردگی در روابط فرانسه و آلمان - پیامدهای مستقیم و غیرمستقیم حمله روسیه به اوکراین، اتحادیه اروپا را در معرض آزمون شدید فزاینده ای قرار می دهد.
در حالی که رهبران اتحادیه اروپا روز پنجشنبه برای نشست سران در بروکسل گرد هم می آیند، اختلافات بین برلین و پاریس تهدیدی برای به خطر انداختن هسته اصلی جامعه است. مشکلاتی بین دو کشور در زمینه انرژی و سیاست دفاعی وجود دارد...
*
اسپانیا | فرانسه | کشور پرتغال | خط لوله
اسپانیا و فرانسه اکنون خواهان خط لوله بارسلونا - مارسی هستند
پدرو سانچز، نخست وزیر اسپانیا روز پنجشنبه (20 اکتبر) اعلام کرد که اسپانیا، فرانسه و پرتغال برای جایگزینی خط لوله MidCat با "کریدور انرژی سبز" به توافق رسیده اند.
خط لوله جدید که در ابتدا گاز را انتقال خواهد داد، قرار است در زیر آب بین بارسلون و مارسی حرکت کند. نام "بارمار" احتمالاً طبیعی خواهد شد.
سانچز این توافق را پس از ورود به شورای اروپا در بیانیه هایی در جمع خبرنگاران اعلام کرد.
*
AKW Isar 2 به دلیل تعمیر و نگهداری خاموش است
نیروگاه هسته ای ایثار 2 در اسنباخ در نزدیکی لندشات به دلیل تعمیر و نگهداری در صبح جمعه تعطیل و از شبکه خارج می شود. سپس یک شیر باید تعمیر شود. این امر ضروری است تا کوره بتواند تا آوریل آینده به کار خود ادامه دهد.
نیروگاه اتمی ایثار 2 در نزدیکی لندشوت از روز جمعه دیگر برق نخواهد داشت. کوره صبح خاموش می شود. این را اپراتور نیروگاه PreussenElektra اعلام کرد. کار حدودا یک هفته طول میکشه...
*
مینی توربین بادی 50 درصد بیشتر از سیستم خورشیدی برق تولید می کند
نوع جدیدی از مینی توربینهای بادی، برق بیشتری نسبت به منظومهی خورشیدی تولید میکند - بدون هیچ روتور یا سر و صدایی. و به طور قابل توجهی ارزان تر است. این سیستم توسط Aeromine در ایالات متحده توسعه یافته است. ظاهراً برای استفاده خصوصی بسیار مناسب است.
یک توربین بادی کوچک در ایالات متحده آمریکا ساخته شده است که برق زیادی را بدون ایجاد صدا یا اشغال فضای زیادی تولید می کند. به هر حال، نیروگاه بادی بدون پره 5000 وات تامین می کند و همچنین در شب و در فصل تاریک و بدون آفتاب برق تولید می کند. گفته می شود که سیستم Aeromine حدود 50 درصد بیشتر از یک منظومه خورشیدی مشابه با هزینه مشابه تولید می کند و به فضای کمتری نیاز دارد.
*
قیمت انرژی | انفجار هزینه | هزینه های شبکه
پرتو امید: از 25 تا 40 میلیارد یورو - انفجار هزینه تاریخی در شبکه های برق قابل درک نیست
قیمت برق و گاز در آلمان به سرعت در حال افزایش است. اکنون یک عامل هزینه دیگر وجود دارد. در ابتدای سال، 1600 اپراتور شبکه برق و گاز در آلمان در حال چرخش قیمت هستند. طبق ارزیابی های اولیه، هزینه های شبکه در سال 2023 به طور متوسط 25 درصد افزایش می یابد که معادل 82 یورو (برق) یا 86 یورو (گاز) برای هر خانوار است. به عنوان مثال، هزینه های شبکه برق در برلین 25 درصد (93 یورو) و در هامبورگ 17 درصد (61 یورو) افزایش خواهد یافت.
اگر دولت فدرال آلمان اخیراً 13 میلیارد یورو به اپراتورهای سیستم انتقال انتقال نمی داد، برای مشترکان برق، این افزایش ها حتی بیشتر می شد. پول از دیگ برای تامین مالی انرژی های تجدیدپذیر می آید ...
*
فراوانی و کاهش قیمت ها: اسپانیا نمی داند با گاز چه کند
ذخیره سازی کامل و کاهش تقاضا: اسپانیا در حال حاضر با مازاد گاز دست و پنجه نرم می کند. قیمت ها نیز به سرعت در حال کاهش است.
پس از تهدید تنگناهای گاز اخیراً، قیمت ها اکنون در سراسر اروپا کاهش یافته است. این به ویژه در مورد اسپانیا صدق می کند، مانند این شبکه تحریریه آلمان گزارش شده است. در آنجا، گاز مصرفی برای مصرف برق در روز پنجشنبه 32 یورو به ازای هر مگاوات ساعت است. نسبت به روز قبل 10 یورو ارزان تر است و برای اولین بار از ماه می کمتر از سقف بالای 40 یورویی دولت است.
*
صرفه جویی در گاز | امنیت انرژی | بحران گاز
بر اساس این مطالعه، آلمان باید مصرف گاز را 30 درصد کاهش دهد
برای غلبه بر بحران گاز، شهروندان باید بیش از گذشته خود را محدود کنند. محققان برجسته انرژی برای تغییر رفتار گرمایشی درخواست می کنند.
مردم آلمان برای عبور از بحران انرژی مجبورند مصرف گاز خود را بسیار بیشتر از قبل کاهش دهند. این نتیجه یک مطالعه انرژی توسط 30 محقق از پروژه تحقیقاتی آریادنه با بودجه فدرال است. گونار لودرر، معاون پروژه آریادنه در موسسه تحقیقات اثرات آب و هوایی پوتسدام می گوید: 30 درصد از مصرف گاز قبل از بحران باید کاهش یابد.
**
19. اکتبر
تنگنا: چرا کشتی های LNG در سواحل اسپانیا سد می کنند
اروپا به شدت به دنبال جایگزینی برای گاز روسیه است. در همین حال، تعدادی از کشتی های گاز مایع در جاده های اسپانیا هستند و قابل تخلیه نیستند.
بر اساس یک گزارش رسانه ای، در حال حاضر بیش از 35 کشتی بارگیری شده با گاز طبیعی مایع (LNG) در ایستگاه جاده ای در سواحل اسپانیا و در آب های اروپا وجود دارد که قابل تخلیه نیستند. گازی که با توجه به بحران انرژی در این قاره به فوریت مورد نیاز است، در حال حاضر نمی تواند به آلمان منتقل شود، به عنوان مثال به دلیل کمبود زیرساخت، جایی که می تواند به کاهش وابستگی به گاز روسیه کمک کند.
خبرگزاری رویترز به نقل از تاجران و تحلیلگران گزارش می دهد که در حال حاضر 2,5 میلیون تن گاز طبیعی مایع در "تجهیزات ذخیره سازی شناور" نگهداری می شود. اسپانیا با داشتن شش پایانه LNG، در حال حاضر بیشترین امکانات را برای تبدیل مجدد گاز مایع در دمای منفی 160 درجه در اروپا دارد که این کشور را به مقصد مطلوب تانکرهای LNG تبدیل می کند. یک سوم گیاهان در آنجا قرار دارند. علاوه بر این، 44 درصد از ظرفیت ذخیره سازی LNG وجود خواهد داشت.
*
شکست Tihange 3:
مقامات نظارتی تلفن همراه را به عنوان یک عامل مخرب شناسایی می کنند
سازمان ایمنی هستهای بلژیک (FANC) گزارش میدهد که خاموشی خودکار راکتور 3 در نیروگاه هستهای والون تیهانگ در اوایل اکتبر توسط تداخل الکترومغناطیسی تلفن همراه آغاز شده است. احتمالاً شخصی یک تلفن همراه را به منطقه ای برده بود که در آن مجاز نبود. سپس راکتور هسته ای به طور خودکار خاموش شد.
راکتور Tihange 3 در 3 اکتبر به طور غیرمنتظره ای خاموش شد، زیرا اندازه گیری ها نشان دهنده افت فشار در یک مولد بخار بود. راکتور به مدت دو هفته از کار افتاد تا اینکه علت آن پیدا شد. این راکتور تنها روز سه شنبه می تواند دوباره به بهره برداری برسد ...
*
سود | قیمت برق | تجدید پذیر
سودهای برق باید به صورت گذشته کاهش یابد
پیشنهادات برای ترمز قیمت برق از وزارت اقتصاد فدرال مشخص شده است. مقاله ارائه شده به Klimareporter° همچنین از ماه مارس مالیات گذشته نگر بر سود تصادفی را پیشنهاد می کند. صنعت انرژی های تجدیدپذ
|
0
| 3
| 0
|
cooperative learning as they work together in mixed-ability groups.
Learning Centres (LC)
The language skills learnt in both SBA and MLEA are reinforced in the Learning Centres (LC). In LC, activities are planned and differentiated for the pupils in three main learning centres – the Reading Centre, the Word Study Centre and the Listening Centre. Pupils have the opportunity to re-learn, revisit or extend what they have learnt at their own pace and in differentiated ability groups.
For each of these strategies, there will be a range of activities that will approach language both 'holistically' as well as in parts. Examples of holistic activities include shared reading, speech and drama. Opportunities to practise or study language in smaller parts are provided through direct instruction as well as targeted practice. This is where phonics, grammar, vocabulary, spelling and punctuation can be taught explicitly. There is weaving between 'whole' and 'parts' in the learning of English.Sono tante le cose su cui riflettere, mentre sei su una seggiovia e attraversi una nuvola. O mentre passeggi sotto la neve, e smetti di passeggiare per poter sentire meglio il rumore che fa la neve quando cade sulla neve.
Il punto è che non bisogna mai, mai, mai allenarsi per diventare vetro infrangibile. E sapete perché? Perché quando poi ti rompi, ti rompi in un miliardo di piccolissimi pezzetti. E rimettersi insieme è ancora più dura.
—从维也纳国际机场（VIE)到维也纳市中心有3种交通方式：出租车、火车和巴士。雇佣一辆 维也纳机场出租车 需36€，只需行驶20分钟即可到达维也纳市区。如果要搭乘火车，您可以有2个选择。您可以乘坐城市机场火车（CAT）或公共列车Schnellbahn S7号线。城市机场火车票价为12€，乘坐时间为16分钟，而公共列车S7号线的车票价格仅为3.90€且平均行驶时间为25分钟。搭乘巴士是价格低廉且快捷的选择。巴士车票仅需8€，行驶时间为20分钟。 Welcome Pickups提供接送服务并会亲切地为您介绍Vienna的情况，价格与普通出租车相同。 点击这里 查看费用.Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyetler Birliği’nin son lideri Mihail Gorbaçov doksan bir yaşında hayata veda etti. Gorbaçov bir süredir Moskova’daki bir hastanede tedavi görüyordu.
1980’lerde Perestroyka (yeniden yapılanma) ve Glasnost (açıklık) adını verdiği reform çalışmalarıyla dikkat çeken Gorbaçov, ilerleyen yıllarda Soğuk Savaş’ı sonlandırmış ve Batı Dünyası ile yaklaşık yarım asırdır bir tehlike olarak ortada duran nükleer savaş tehdidini ortadan kaldırmıştı. Bu gelişmeler Batı Dünyası’nın Gorbaçov’a olumlu yaklaşmasına yol açarken, ülke içinde ise büyük bir yıkımı beraberinde getirmişti. 1990’ların hemen başında Sovyetler Birliği Komünist Partisi ülkede politik üstünlüğünü kaybetti ve sonrasında da Sovyetler Birliği dağıldı.
Tarihin yeniden yazımını sağlayan ve Gorbaçov adını öne çıkaran kırılma ise 1989 yılında yaşandı. Sosyalist bloğuna dahil olan Doğu Almanya’da başlayan demokrasi yanlısı gösteriler 1989 yılında Doğu Avrupa’daki tüm sosyalist ülkeleri sardığında Gorbaçov daha önceki liderlerin aksine güç kullanımına dair bir emir vermedi. Söz konusu protestolar sonucunda Doğu Berlin ile Batı Berlin’i ayıran duvar yıkıldı. Böylece Sosyalist ülkelerin ve Varşova Paktı’nın çöküş süreci başladı.
Özetle Gorbaçov 1985 yılında henüz elli dört yaşındayken Komünist Parti Genel Sekreteri oldu. Kısıtlı siyasi ve ekonomik reformlarla sıfır tüketmekte olan ekonomik durumu demokratik adımlarla yeniden canlandırmaya çalıştı ancak hayata geçirilen reformlar kontrolden çıkınca ülkedeki sosyalist sistem çöktü.
Gorbaçov bugün birçok Avrupa ülke lideri, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri yöneticisi Birleşmiş Milletler üyesi tarafından iyi sözlerle anılırken, bundan otuz yıl öncesini bizzat yaşayan birçok Rus vatandaşı tarafından ağır eleştirilerle hatırlanıyor.What is drug addiction. Why is the point of view of looking at addiction as a brain disease gathering in popularity? I believe is simply because the principal actions of drugs and alcohol are on the brain.
Drinking and drugging affect the brain in three very important ways. It alters the function of the brain, it alters the physical structure of the brain, and it alters the chemicals produced in the brain.
To put it bluntly, when you do drugs are messing up your brain.
This is Part 2 of a 3 part series. The other posts are:
- We will discuss drug addiction from an addict’s point of view. (Part 1 of 3).
- Addiction from a medical point of view. (Part 3 of 3)
Viewing Drug Addiction As A Brain Disease
Viewing addiction as a brain disease is pretty much on the polar opposite end of the scale as the historic view of addiction being a moral weakness. Supporters of the moralistic view tend to believe that it is simply a matter of just saying “no” and stopping.
As more and more is revealed about the functioning of the brain, through the tremendous technological advances in the last 30 years, understanding drug addiction and recovery become a very complex problem. We now have all different sorts of scans and task that can actually show was clearly pictures of the brain and what’s happening inside.
Drugs and alcohol affect the functioning in the brain’s limbic system. The limbic system contains the brains pleasure pathways or reward centers. It is the stimulation and action of chemical changes that occur here that produce feelings of pleasure. The brain learns that one feelings of pleasure occur where motivated to repeat them.
Messages in the brain are transmitted by sending electrical impulses across networks of nerve cells called neurons. Messages are transmitted between neurons by the chemicals called neurotransmitters. This is where it gets interesting.
Drugs Mess Up The Way Your Brain Works In Big Ways
Alcohol and drugs affect your brain in these three ways:
- They change the physical structure of your brain.
- They change the functioning of your brain.
- They alter the chemical signals your brain sends to your body.
- Physical structure of your brain.
Through different types of scans now available, such as Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, we can see physical changes in the brain. Drugs actually do destroy brain cells. Okay the government that
- Function of your brain.
Chronic exposure to drugs of abuse disrupts the way critical brain structures interact to control and inhibit behaviors related to drug use. Just as continued abuse may lead to tolerance or the need for higher drug dosages to produce an effect, it may also lead to addiction, which can drive a user to seek out and take drugs compulsively. Drug addiction erodes a person’s self-control and ability to make sound decisions, while producing intense impulses to take drugs.
- Affect brain chemistry.
After using drugs for significant amount of time changes in the chemical system of the brain and its circuits occur. Studies of brain images of individuals with drug addiction show significant changes in the specific areas of the brain that are critical to decision-making, judgment, memory, learning and very importantly behavior control. One put altogether these changes can significantly affect behavior and cause a drug addict to seek out and take drugs and obsessive-compulsive fashion.
Alcohol and drugs are chemicals that can enter into and interfere with that chemical communication by mimicking the natural chemicals that occur in the brain. Some examples are heroin or marijuana which fooled brain into sending abnormal messages which are then transmitted. There are other drugs such as the stimulants cocaine and amphetamines which cause the brain cells to release an abnormally large quantities of the brain chemicals.
How Do We Get Addicted To Drugs In The First Place?
Well, one reason is that drugs can stimulate 100 percent to 1000 percent the amount of dopamine (the chemical that makes us feel good), released to reward center in the brain. That’s almost like saying you can feel 2 to 10 times better with drugs than you can naturally doing things like hanging out, esting, or having sex.. The effects of drugs are not only way more intense. but also last much longer.
The problem is that our brain starts to adapt to these abnormally large quantities of dopamine it does so by producing less and less of the substance naturally. So, if you’re not actually under the effects of drugs your ‘resting state’, is actually quite low. The brain also reacts to curb the flood by reducing the number of dopamine receptors available in the brain so it does not face continual overload.
This means essentially that you must take drugs just to feel ‘normal’, and even more and more drugs to get high. This is the symptom of drug addiction known as tolerance. It’s like hitting a moving, escalating target.
Natural Brain Function Support – Memory, Focus & Clarity Formula – Nootropic Scientifically Formulated forNatural Brain Booster Supplements – Mental Focus Enhancer With Pure Green Tea Extract + LHealing the Addicted Brain: The Revolutionary, Science-Based Alcoholism and Addiction Recovery ProgramThe Brain: The Story of You – Best Selling AuthorThe Brain Book: Development, Function, Disorder, HealthNeuroplasticity: Master the Art Brain Training
See It Yourself - Brain Imaging Shows Brain Changes Caused by Drug Use
We would like to note that sustaining long-term recovery is simply not about saying no to drugs (although that is the object of the exercise). It is about gaining an education of the nature of drug addiction, how it personally applies to you, and formulating strategic prevention awareness and actions.
Click Here For Part 1 Drug addiction from an active addicts of view.
Some Really Good Resources
- Why Do Our Brains Get Addicted? This is a video featuring Neuroscientist Nora Volkow, director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse at the NIH National Institute of Health – 16 minutes and worth it
- Brain and Addiction for Teens This is a quick read from the National Institute on Drug Abuse for Teens
All that being said, to say that drug addiction is simply all neurological, biological and physical is way too much of a simplification. If a person has not truly ‘crossed the line’ into addiction, they may be able to make a self-willed choice to stop or control the use.
These people have not quite reach the tipping point. When negative consequences in unmanageability start showing up because of their drug use they can make a rational decision that the rewards of not using outweigh those of using, and they stop.
However, the deeper into addiction one is the less capable one is of making conscious decisions to stop. Part of the brain that is affected by sustained drug use is in the area of being able to withhold instant gratification and sustain willful purpose.Braille is an important method of communication for blind people all over the world. But unfortunately, Braille can only be found in so many places. And with the electronic world taking over more of our lives every day, I would imagine it’s getting harder for blind people to take full advantage of everything technology has to offer.
That’s why a new Braille smartphone is so cool. That’s right: one forward thinker decided to create a Braille smartphone that is meant to make the world a “more equal, well informed, and overall better place to live.”
That forward thinker is Sumit Dagar, who is creating the phone with the help of the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi and L V Prasad Eye Institute (along with funding from Rolex). The goal is to make a smartphone that can easily be used by someone who is blind or visually impaired.
Check out the introduction of the Braille smartphone by Sumit Dagar way back in 2011:
Basically, the Braille smartphone works by creating raised physical features on top of a surface. This surface can be used to display Braille letters or even create a physical representation of a person or picture – as seen in the picture at the top of this article.
One of the coolest parts of the above video occurs at 3:50, where the phone scans over a timetable and displays that information in real-time to the user via Braille. Technology like this has the potential to change the lives of many people, and although the Braille smartphone is a long ways away from being available to consumers, let’s hope that it allows everybody to one day experience the power of Android (or whatever operating system this thing will eventually run).قلعه سنت آنجلو یا “فرشته مقدس” که در قرن دوم میلادی به عنوان مقبره امپراتور هادریان ساخته شد، در طول قرون وسطی تغییر شکل داده و به عنوان یک قلعه دفاعی برای محافظت از جان پاپ ها به کار می رفته است.
قلعه سنت آنجلو که در سمت راست رودخانه تیبر قرار دارد، در طول ۱۸۰۰ سال، سرگذشت پر فراز و نشیبی را تجربه کرده است. ابتدا به عنوان مقبره امپراتور ساخته شد. سپس به عنوان قسمتی از دیوار دفاعی شهر در آمد و بعدا تبدیل به یک قلعه شد.
پس از آن به عنوان پناهگاه پاپ مورد استفاده قرار گرفت و سرانجام تبدیل به زندان و سربازخانه پاپ شد. امروزه این بنا یک موزه ملی است.
امروزه قلعه سنت آنجلو در کنار کلوسئوم، کلیسای سن پیتر، میدان سن پیتر، میدان ونیز، میدان کاپیتولین، پله های اسپانیایی، معبد پانتئون، رومان فروم، طاق نصرت کنستانتین، فواره تروی و میدان ناوونا، جزو مهم ترین جاذبه های گردشگری شهر رم به شمار می آید.
تاریخچه قلعه سنت آنجلو
قلعه زیبای سنت آنجلو (به ایتالیایی: کَستِلو دی سنت آنجِلو Castelo di Sant’angelo) که به عنوان مقبره امپراتور هادریان هم شناخته می شود، تاریخچه شگفت انگیزی دارد. نام دوم آن (مقبره هادریان) برگرفته از نام سازنده آن، امپراتور روم، هادریان است.
ساخت این بنای عظیم که در سال ۱۲۳ میلادی شروع شد، ۱۷ سال طول کشید. در طی این زمان، هم قلعه و هم پل مقابل اش که به پل سنت آنجلو مشهور است ساخته شدند (البته مجسمه فرشته ها بعدا ساخته و روی پل نصب شدند).
اگر چه هادریان آنقدر عمر نکرد تا بنای مقبره اش را ببیند و یک سال قبل از اتمام ساخت بنا درگذشت؛ خاکستر مربوط به جنازه هادریان، همسر و فرزندش که در سن جوانی از دنیا رفته بود در این مقبره قرار داده شد.
ویدئوی بازسازی مقبره امپراتور هادریان:
مقبره ای برای امپراتوران
این قلعه نه تنها به عنوان مقبره هادریان، بلکه به عنوان مقبره تعدادی از جانشینان او نیز مورد استفاده قرار گرفت. آخرین امپراتوری که در این مقبره جای گرفت، امپراتور کاراکالا در سال ۲۱۷ میلادی بود.
اگرچه شکل اصلی معماری بنای مقبره مشخص نیست، مورخان معتقدند که به شکل یک سطح مربعی شکل با بدنه بزرگ استوانه ای بوده و مجسمه هادریان سوار بر ارابه بر بالای آن قرار داشته است.
توسعه قلعه سنت آنجلو
در عین حال، همانطور که امروزه مشاهده می شود، قلعه سنت آنجلو نه فقط به شکل استوانه ای است و نه مجسمه ارابه ای بالایش قرار گرفته. دلیل آن این است که این ساختمان در طول تاریخ برای مقاصد مختلف مورد استفاده قرار گرفته است.
گفتن این که این مقبره در زمان اوجش دقیقا چه شکلی بوده است بسیار دشوار است و از طراحی اصلی آن اطلاعات دقیقی در دست نیست. در عین حال، گزارشی از قرن ششم میلادی در مورد این بنا باعث شده تا مورخان به این باور برسند که در آن زمان فقط بن
|
0
| 3
| 1
|
una predisposizione ereditaria, la donna deve essere indirizzata ad uno specialista prima di decidere di assumere qualsiasi contraccettivo orale combinato
• immobilizzazione prolungata, importanti interventi chirurgici, qualunque tipo di operazione alle gambe o grave trauma. In queste circostanze è consigliabile interrompere l’assunzione della pillola (in caso di chirurgia elettiva almeno quattro settimane prima dell’intervento) e riprenderla non prima che siano trascorse due settimane dalla completa ripresa della mobilità. Qualora l’uso della pillola non sia stato interrotto per tempo, è necessario prendere in considerazione un trattamento antitrombotico.
• obesità (indice di massa corporea superiore a 30 kg/m²).
• non vi è consenso sul possibile ruolo di vene varicose e tromboflebite superficiale sull’esordio o sulla progressione della trombosi venosa
Il rischio di complicanze tromboemboliche arteriose o di accidente cerebrovascolare nelle utilizzatrici di COC aumenta in presenza delle seguenti condizioni:
• età avanzata
• fumo (alle donne sopra i 35 anni di età deve essere vivamente raccomandato di non fumare qualora desiderino usare un COC)
• dislipoproteinemia
• ipertensione
• emicrania
• obesità (indice di massa corporea superiore a 30 kg/m²)
• anamnesi familiare positiva (tromboembolia arteriosa in un fratello o genitore in età relativamente precoce). Qualora sussista il sospetto di una predisposizione ereditaria, la donna deve essere indirizzata ad uno specialista prima di decidere di assumere qualsiasi contraccettivo orale combinato
• vizio valvolare cardiaco
• fibrillazione atriale
La presenza di un grave fattore di rischio o di fattori di rischio multipli per lo sviluppo di disturbi di tipo venoso o arterioso può costituire una controindicazione all’utilizzo del farmaco. Deve essere presa in considerazione anche la possibilità di un trattamento anticoagulante. Le donne che assumono COC devono essere avvisate di contattare il medico qualora si manifestino possibili sintomi di trombosi. Nell’eventualità di trombosi sospetta o accertata, l’assunzione del COC deve essere sospesa e si deve ricorrere a metodi contraccettivi alternativi adeguati a causa dell’effetto teratogeno della terapia anticoagulante (cumarinici).
Si deve altresì considerare il maggiore rischio di tromboembolia durante il puerperio (per informazioni relative a "Fertilità, gravidanza e allattamento al seno" vedere paragrafo 4.6).
Altre condizioni mediche che sono state associate ad eventi avversi di tipo vascolare comprendono diabete mellito, lupus eritematoso sistemico, sindrome emolitico–uremica e malattia infiammatoria cronica dell’intestino (morbo di Crohn o colite ulcerosa) e malattia a cellule falciformi.
Un aumento della frequenza o della gravità dell’emicrania durante l’uso di un contraccettivo orale combinato (che può essere prodromico di un evento cerebrovascolare) può rappresentare un motivo di interruzione immediata dell’assunzione del COC.
Tumori
In alcuni studi epidemiologici è stato riportato un aumentato rischio di cancro della cervice nelle donne in trattamento a lungo termine con COC (> 5 anni); tuttavia rimane ancora controverso in che misura questo risultato sia da attribuire agli effetti confondenti per l’interpretazione del risultato stesso del comportamento sessuale e di altri fattori come l’infezione da papilloma–virus umano(HPV).
Una meta–analisi di 54 studi epidemiologici ha evidenziato che sussiste un leggero aumento del rischio relativo (RR=1,24) di diagnosi di tumore della mammella nelle donne che usano attualmente COC. Tale eccesso di rischio si riduce nel corso dei 10 anni successivi all’interruzione del trattamento con COC. Poiché il carcinoma mammario è raro nelle donne al di sotto dei 40 anni d’età, il maggiore numero di diagnosi di carcinoma mammario nelle utilizzatrici attuali e recenti di COC è basso in relazione al rischio complessivo di carcinoma mammario. Questi studi non forniscono alcuna evidenza di possibile rapporto di causalità. L’aumento del rischio osservato può essere dovuto ad una diagnosi più precoce del carcinoma mammario nelle utilizzatrici di COC, agli effetti biologici dei COC o a una combinazione di questi due fattori. Il carcinoma mammario diagnosticato nelle donne che utilizzano COC tende ad essere generalmente in uno stadio clinicamente meno avanzato rispetto al carcinoma diagnosticato nelle donne che non hanno mai utilizzato COC.
In rare occasioni sono stati osservati tumori epatici benigni e ancor più raramente tumori epatici maligni nelle donne che hanno assunto COC. In casi isolati questi tumori hanno provocato emorragia intraddominale pericolosa per la vita della paziente. La possibilità di neoplasia epatica deve essere considerata come diagnosi differenziale in presenza di forte dolore nella parte superiore dell’addome, ingrossamento epatico o segni indicativi di emorragia intraddominale nelle donne che assumono COC.
L’utilizzo di COC a più alto dosaggio (50 mcg di etinilestradiolo) riduce il rischio di tumore endometriale ed ovarico. Resta ancora da confermare se tale dato risulta valido anche per i COC a minor dosaggio.
Altre condizioni
La componente progestinica di Drospil è un antagonista dell’aldosterone con proprietà di risparmio del potassio. Nella maggioranza dei casi non sono attesi aumenti dei livelli di potassio. Tuttavia, in uno studio clinico condotto in alcuni pazienti con compromissione della funzionalità renale lieve o moderata trattati in concomitanza con medicinali risparmiatori di potassio, i livelli sierici di potassio sono apparsi leggermente, ma non significativamente, aumentati durante la somministrazione di drospirenone. Pertanto, si raccomanda di controllare il potassio sierico durante il primo ciclo di trattamento in pazienti con insufficienza renale e valori basali di potassio sierico nell’intervallo superiore di normalità, in particolare durante l’uso concomitante di medicinali risparmiatori di potassio. Vedere anche paragrafo 4.5.
Le donne con ipertrigliceridemia o anamnesi familiare positiva per l’ipertrigliceridemia possono essere più a rischio di pancreatite durante l’uso di COC.
Sebbene siano stati riportati piccoli aumenti della pressione sanguigna nelle donne che assumono COC, gli innalzamenti pressori clinicamente rilevanti costituiscono un evento raro. Solo in questi rari casi l’immediata sospensione dell’uso del COC appare giustificata. Se, durante l’uso di un COC in presenza di un preesistente stato ipertensivo, si rilevano valori pressori costantemente elevati o un significativo incremento della pressione sanguigna non risponde adeguatamente al trattamento antipertensivo, il COC deve essere sospeso. Laddove ritenuto appropriato, l’utilizzo del COC può essere ripreso qualora vengano registrati valori normotensivi a seguito della terapia antipertensiva.
È stata riportata la comparsa o il peggioramento delle seguenti condizioni sia durante la gravidanza, sia durante l’uso dei COC, ma l’evidenza di una correlazione con l’uso dei COC non è definitiva: ittero e/o prurito correlato a colestasi; calcoli biliari; porfiria; lupus eritematoso sistemico; sindrome emolitico–uremica; corea di Sydenham; herpes gestazionale; perdita dell’udito correlata a otosclerosi.
Nelle donne con angioedema ereditario gli estrogeni esogeni possono indurre o aggravare i sintomi dell’angioedema.
La presenza di una disfunzione epatica acuta o cronica può rendere necessaria l’interruzione dell’uso dei COC fino al ritorno alla normalità dei marcatori di funzionalità epatica. Una recidiva di ittero colestatico e/o prurito correlato a colestasi, verificatosi precedentemente durante la gravidanza o l’uso pregresso di steroidi sessuali, rende necessaria l’interruzione dell’uso dei COC.
Sebbene i COC possano avere un effetto sulla resistenza periferica all’insulina e sulla tolleranza al glucosio, non vi è evidenza di una necessità di modificare il regime terapeutico nelle donne diabetiche che utilizzano COC a basse dosi (contenenti < 0,05 mg di etinilestradiolo). Tuttavia, le donne diabetiche devono essere monitorate con attenzione, in particolare nelle fasi iniziali di impiego dei COC.
Durante l’uso di COC è stato riportato peggioramento della depressione endogena, dell’epilessia, del morbo di Crohn e della colite ulcerosa.
Occasionalmente può insorgere cloasma, in particolare nelle donne con anamnesi di cloasma gravidico. Le donne con tendenza al cloasma devono evitare l’esposizione al sole o alle radiazioni ultraviolette durante l’assunzione di COC.
Ogni compressa di colore rosa di questo medicinale contiene 44 mg di lattosio monoidrato, ed ogni compressa di colore bianco contiene 89,5 mg di lattosio anidro. Le pazienti con rari problemi ereditari di intolleranza al galattosio, deficit di Lapp lattasi o malassorbimento di glucosio–galattosio che seguono una dieta priva di lattosio devono tenere conto di questa aliquota introdotta con l’assunzione della compressa.
Esame/consulenza medica
Prima di iniziare o di ricominciare il trattamento con Drospil occorre ottenere una dettagliata anamnesi medica personale (e familiare) della donna ed escludere una gravidanza in corso. Deve essere misurata la pressione sanguigna e si deve quindi procedere ad un esame obiettivo completo tenendo presenti le controindicazioni (vedere paragrafo 4.3) e le avvertenze (vedere paragrafo 4.4) riportate. La donna deve essere invitata a leggere attentamente il foglio illustrativo e a seguire i suggerimenti ivi riportati. La frequenza e il tipo di controlli devono essere basati sulle specifiche linee guida ed adattati alla singola paziente.
Le donne devono essere avvisate che i contraccettivi orali non proteggono dall’infezione da HIV (AIDS) o da altre malattie sessualmente trasmesse.
Ridotta efficacia
L’efficacia dei COC può essere ridotta, ad esempio, in caso di dimenticanza delle compresse attive (vedere paragrafo 4.2), di disturbi gastrointestinali durante l’assunzione delle comprese attive (vedere paragrafo 4.2) o di trattamenti concomitanti con altri medicinali (vedere paragrafo 4.5).
Ridotto controllo del ciclo
Con tutti i COC si possono verificare perdite di sangue irregolari (spotting o sanguinamento di rottura), in particolare nei primi mesi di utilizzo. Pertanto, la valutazione di qualsiasi perdita ematica irregolare è significativa solo dopo un intervallo di adattamento di circa tre cicli.
Se le irregolarità persistono o si verificano dopo cicli in precedenza regolari, devono essere prese in considerazione possibili cause non ormonali e applicate procedure diagnostiche adeguate per escludere la presenza di neoplasie maligne o di una gravidanza, incluso il raschiamento.
In alcune donne il sanguinamento da sospensione può non verificarsi durante i giorni di assunzione delle compresse di placebo. Se il COC è stato assunto correttamente, secondo le istruzioni riportate nel paragrafo 4.2, è improbabile che sia in atto una gravidanza. Tuttavia, se il COC non è stato assunto secondo le indicazioni nel periodo precedente alla mancata mestruazione da sospensione, oppure se si sono saltate due mestruazioni da sospensione, è necessario escludere una eventuale gravidanza prima di proseguire l’uso del COC.
Nota: Le informazioni relative ai farmaci concomitanti devono essere consultate per identificare le potenziali interazioni.
• Influenza di altri medicinali su Drospil
Le interazioni tra i contraccettivi orali ed altri medicinali possono indurre sanguinamento da rottura e/o fallimento contraccettivo. Le seguenti interazioni sono state riportate in letteratura.
Metabolismo epatico
Possono verificarsi interazioni con farmaci che inducono gli enzimi epatici, con conseguente possibile aumento della clearance degli ormoni sessuali (ad es. fenitoina, barbiturici, primidone, carbamazepina, rifampicina, bosentan) e medicinali contro l’HIV (ad es. ritonavir, nevirapina) e possibilmente anche con oxcarbazepina, topiramato, felbamato, griseofulvina e preparazioni contenenti l’Erba di San Giovanni (hypericum perforatum). L’induzione enzimatica massima si osserva generalmente in circa 10 giorni, ma può persistere per almeno 4 settimane dopo la cessazione della terapia farmacologica.
Interferenza con la Circolazione enteroepatica
Fallimenti della protezione contraccettiva sono stati riportati anche con alcuni antibiotici, come penicilline e tetracicline. Il meccanismo alla base di questo effetto non è stato chiarito.
Trattamento
Le donne in terapia a breve termine con una qualsiasi delle suddette classi di medicinali o di singoli principi attivi (sostanze induttrici degli enzimi epatici) oltre alla rifampicina, devono temporaneamente usare un metodo di barriera in aggiunta al COC, sia durante l’assunzione del medicinale concomitante sia nei 7 giorni successivi alla sospensione della terapia.
Il trattamento concomitante con rifampicina richiede l’adozione di un metodo di barriera oltre al COC durante il periodo di assunzione della rifampicina e nei 28 giorni successivi alla sua sospensione.
Nelle donne in trattamento a lungo termine con induttori degli enzimi epatici si raccomanda l’adozione di un altro metodo contraccettivo non ormonale affidabile.
Le donne in trattamento concomitante con antibiotici (oltre alla rifampicina, vedere sopra) devono adottare un metodo di barriera nei 7 giorni successivi all’interruzione del trattamento.
Se la somministrazione contemporanea di altri medicinali si estende oltre il termine delle compresse attive contenute nella confezione blister del COC, le compresse di placebo devono essere eliminate e la successiva confezione blister del COC dovrà essere iniziata subito.
I principali metaboliti del drospirenone nel plasma umano vengono prodotti senza il coinvolgimento del sistema del citocromo P450. E’ improbabile quindi che gli inibitori di tale sistema enzimatico possano influire sul metabolismo del drospirenone.
• Influenza di Drospil su altri medicinali
I contraccettivi orali possono interferire con il metabolismo di alcuni principi attivi. Di conseguenza, le concentrazioni plasmatiche e tissutali possono risultare aumentate (ad es. ciclosporina) o diminuite (ad es. lamotrigina).
Sulla base di studi di inibizione in vitro e studi di interazione in vivo effettuati su donne volontarie che usavano omeprazolo, simvastatina e midazolam come substrato marcatore, un’interazione del drospirenone alla dose di 3 mg con il metabolismo di altri principi attivi appare improbabile.
• Altre interazioni
Nei pazienti senza insufficienza renale, l’uso concomitante di drospire
|
0
| 3
| 2
|
ivi includono una diminuzione dell'1% o del 2% sulla fattura o un sistema a punti, in cui si accumulano punti per fatture prepagate che possono essere utilizzati per l'acquisto di prodotti o applicati a fatture future.
Assistenza clienti
Ci sono poche cose che aiutano ad aumentare il flusso di cassa più di una solida base di clienti. Rimani in costante comunicazione con i tuoi clienti esistenti e indirizza la tua forza vendita a mantenere in modo proattivo l'attività corrente. Quando mantieni la tua base di clienti attuale, aumenti i tuoi profitti ogni volta che acquisisci clienti, invece di rimanere stagnante sostituendo costantemente i clienti che hai perso.
È possibile pagare per questi account
Collabora con una società acquirente di conti da pagare commerciali per acquistare tutto il tuo debito che ha 60 giorni. Una volta che un cliente raggiunge i 60 giorni su una fattura, perdi denaro perché hai finanziato quella fattura per 2 mesi. Se il margine di profitto sulla fattura è del 10 percento, ma paghi un interesse del 6 percento sul denaro che devi prendere in prestito mentre aspetti che la fattura venga pagata, allora stai perdendo denaro e stai ancora aspettando di essere pagato. Riduci le tue perdite e aumenta il flusso di cassa vendendo le tue vecchie fatture e togliendo quel debito dai tuoi libri.امروزه صنعت حمل و نقل بدون وجود مقیاس ها و واحدهای اندازه گیری وزن و مسافت و سرعت معنای چندانی نخواهد داشت. اما این واحدهای اندازه گیری از چه دوره ای و چگونه به وجود آمده اند و دلیل نیاز بشر به وجود این واحدها از کجا نشأت می گیرد؟ در این مطلب با روند شکل گیری واحدهای اندازه گیری مسافت و سرعت قدری آشنا خواهیم شد.
ابتدا بهتر است بدانیم چگونه «اندازه» یا همان واحد اندازه گیری پدید آمده است. انسان طی روند تکامل خود و با شروع تمدن و داد و ستد، دریافت که باید اندازه ی کمیت های گوناگون را بداند. به عنوان مثال؛ قد خود را اندازه بگیرد و با قد دیگران مقایسه کند، فاصله میان دو شهر و یا دو کشور از یکدیگر را بداند و ابعاد بناهایی که می خواهد بسازد را محاسبه کند.
در ابتدا، بشر از ساده ترین مقیاسی که در اختیار داشت یعنی دست و پایش برای اندازه گیری استفاده می کرد. مثلاً برای اندازه گیری طول های کوچک از وجب (فاصله بین انگشت کوچک دست و شست هنگامی که دست را باز می کرده) و یا کفِ پا (فوت) استفاده می کرد که هنوز هم رایج است. (یک فوت در مقیاس متریک حدود 30 سانتی متر است و به این ترتیب هر متر تقریباً 3 فوت است) بعضی چیزها از یک وجب هم کوچک تر بودند. انسان برای اندازه گیری آنها از چهار انگشت استفاده می کرد. برای اندازه گیری چیزهایی حتی از این هم کوچک تر، از اندازه ی عرض انگشتانش استفاده کرد. در ایران، واحد کوچکی به نام بند انگشت هم به کار می رفته است.
برای اندازه گیری چیزهای بزرگ تر، انسان از فاصله ی میان آرنج تا انگشتانش استفاده کرده و این اندازه را «اَرَج» یا «ارَش» نامید. مثلاً برای اندازه گیری تنه ی یک درخت از ارَج استفاده می کرد و برای اندازه گیری طول و عرض مزارعش، از قدم هایش بهره می برد.
آنچه که ما امروز درباره ی واحدهای اندازه گیری در دوران ایران باستان می دانیم طبیعتاً خیلی دقیق نیست. چرا که این مقیاس ها در زمان های گوناگون و با زبان های مختلف به کار رفته است. همچنین بسیاری از این مقیاسها، بر مبنای طول دست و یا گام های فرد بوده که در افراد متفاوت، متغیر بوده است. اکنون با استفاده از واحد اندازه گیری متریک، با برخی از این مقیاس های کهن آشنا می شویم:
ذرع و یا گز: برابر با ۱۰۴ تا ۱۱۰ سانتی متر که هر ۲ ذراع یا ارج برابر بوده با یک ذرع و هر ذرع برابر بوده است با ۱۶ گره.
ارش یا ارج و یا ذراع: ۵۲ الی ۵۵ سانتی متر که هر ۲ ذراع برابر بوده با یک گز. بیشتر بناهای سنگی دوران هخامنشیان با این مقیاس ساخته شده است.
چارک: برابر با یک چهارم گز که حدود ۲۶ سانتی متر بوده است. چارک در تمامی اوزان و طول ها، به عنوان یک چهارم به کار می رفته است.
گره: برابر با ۵/۵ الی ۵/۶ سانتی متر.
بهر: برابر بوده است با نیم گره، معادل7/2 الی 8/2 سانتی متر.
وجب: این مقیاس بیشتر به صورت معیاری عرفی بوده تا مقیاسی رسمی.
بند: یک بند انگشت (واحد طول دیگری نیز وجود داشته که باستان شناسان اخیراً آن را کشف کرده و هنوز نامی برای آن نیافته اند. این واحد حدود ۳ میلی متر کنونی بوده و می توان گفت که یک دهم بهر، معادل دو و هشت دهم میلیمتر بوده است).
فرسخ: معادل ۶۰۰۰ ذرع بوده است (حدود ۶ کیلو متر) .
جریب: این واحد سطح از آرامیان به ساسانیان وارد شد و بعد از حمله و غصب ایران توسط اعراب بادیه نشین، وارد فرهنگ اعراب شد. هر جریب برابر است با زمینی به طول و عرض ۶۰ ذراع معادل ۳۶۰۰ ذراع مربع. از آنجا که هر ذراع ۵۵ سانتی متر بوده، هر جریب مساحتی مربع شکل بوده به طول و عرض ۳۳ متر. با این حساب می توان گفت هر یک جریب برابر است با زمینی به مساحت تقریبی ۱۰۰۰ متر مربع ولی در برخی اسناد تا ۱۱۰۰ متر نیز لحاظ شده است.
قصبه: هر یک قصبه، زمینی به مساحت یکصد متر مربع را شامل می شده است. یعنی هر جریب برابر بوده است با ۱۰ قصبه.
مهم ترین واحدهای طول، گز و ارش بوده و واحد پرکاربرد سطح، جریب بوده است. البته واحدهای دیگری نیز مانند قفیز و کیل و عشیر و… نیز وجود داشته که استفاده ی محدودتری از آنها می شده است.
گره دریایی چیست؟
قایق ها و کشتی ها همواره از مهم ترین ابزار حمل و نقل کالا و انسان طی تاریخ بشریت بوده اند. لزوم وجود واحد مناسب اندازه گیری مسافت راه های دریایی و سرعت حرکت کشتی ها هم همواره برای انسان وجود داشته است. واحد اندازه گیری مسافت را بر دریا «گره» مینامند که خود معادل ۱۸۵۲ متر است و به استعاره در غرب «نات» نام گذاری شده که خود به معنای گره است. بر اساس لغتنامه دهخدا، گره نامی پارسی است و ریشه در پارسی باستان دارد. گویند که دریانوردان ایران باستان برای نخستین بار از این واحد اندازه گیری استفاده کرده اند. دریانوردان ریسمانی را به فاصله ی هر 6 متر گره زده و در آب رها می کردند. زمانی که کشتی ساکن بود، گرهها ناپیدا بودند و هرچه سرعت کشتی بیشتر می شد، گرههای روی ریسمان یک یه یک بیرون می آمدند و دریانوردان با شمارش این گره ها سرعت شناور را تعیین کرده و با توجه به سرعت، مسافت طی شده و باقی مانده ی راه را محاسبه میکردند.
اما گروهی از مورخان اعتقاد دارند که گره دریایی تقریباً یکصد سال بعد از کریستف کلمب اختراع شده است. آنها هم به همان ریسمان اشاره می کنند با این تفاوت که فاصله گره ها از یکدیگر ۲ متر بوده است. آنها سرعت را به این ترتیب اندازه میگرفتند که قطعه چوبی را که طنابی به آن متصل بود از عقب کشتی به آب میانداختند. تکه چوب نسبت به آب ثابت می ماند و طناب با سرعتی برابر با سرعت کشتی نسبت به آب، از دستان ملوانی که سرعت را اندازه میگرفت عبور می کرد و ملوان با شمارش آنها سرعت را اعلام می کرد. برخی دیگر نیز با ساعت شنی زمان را محاسبه می کردند و به این ترتیب سرعت کشتی محاسبه و به ناخدا اعلام می شد.
گره دریایی واحدی است که برای اندازه گیری سرعت استفاده می شود و برابر است با سرعت یک مایل دریایی بر ساعت معادل ۱.۸۵۲ کیلومتر بر ساعت. تعریف گره دریایی از نیمه ی دوم قرن بیستم به تدریج در کشورهای مختلف پذیرفته شد. پیش ار آن، مایل دریایی در سیستمهای اندازهگیری معمول در کشورهای گوناگون به شکل های مختلف تعریف می شد و درنتیجه در سراسر دنیا یکسان نبود. گره دریایی در قدیم گاهی به غلط به معنی مایل دریایی به کار می رفت.
واحدهای اندازه گیری یکسان چگونه به وجود آمدند؟
در داد و ستد کالاها و حمل و نقل، مقیاس اندازه گیری مسافت برای انسان تا مدت ها قسمت های مختلف بدنش بود. اما بدن انسان ها با هم تفاوت داشت و به یک اندازه نبود و به همین دلیل اندازه ها، گاهی کم و گاهی زیاد می شد و در هر بار اندازه گیری، اندازه های متفاوتی به دست می آمد. به عنوان مثال تصور کنید کسی می خواست پوست حیوانی بخرد که درازایش 6 پا باشد. از آنجا که قد انسان ها متفاوت بود، اندازه پاهایشان هم با هم فرق داشت و همه به یک اندازه نبود، بنابراین درازی 6 پا می توانست اندازه های گوناگونی داشته باشد.
انسان ها دریافتند که به اندازه (واحدهای یکسان و ثابت) نیاز دارند که امروز واحد یا مقیاس استاندارد یا همان اندازه معیار نامیده می شود. مثلاً برای به دست آوردن مقیاس استاندارد ارَج، به احتمال زیاد فاصله ی آرنج تا انگشتان افراد بسیاری را اندازه گرفتند و سپس معمولی ترین آنها را انتخاب کردند. به این ترتیب، انسان ها برای اندازه گیری، دیگر از اعضای بدنشان استفاده نمی کردند؛ ولی مجبور بودند مقیاس استاندارد را همراه خود داشته باشند. به طور مثال مصری ها بر اساس اندازه معیار، میله هایی ساختند که در آغاز جنس آنها از سنگ بود. حمل این میله ها به دلیل وزن بالایی که داشتند بسیار دشوار بود. بنابراین آنها را از چوب ساختند. استفاده از میله های چوبی راحت تر بود؛ اما میله های چوبی وقتی خیس می شدند، اندازه شان کمی تغی
|
End of preview. Expand
in Data Studio
Training data of the model detokenized in the exact order seen by the model.
The training data is partitioned into 8 chunks (chunk-0 through chunk-7), based on the GPU rank that generated the data. Each chunk contains detokenized text files in JSON Lines format (.jsonl).
- Downloads last month
- 158