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VideoScienceBench

keywords listlengths 1 5	field stringclasses 2 values	prompt stringlengths 64 647	expected phenomenon stringlengths 27 669	vid stringlengths 1 3
[ "Fracture", "Impact Mechanics", "stress‐concentration" ]	Physics	A teardrop-shaped piece of tempered glass (Prince Rupert's Drop) is held at its bulbous head. Small pliers gently snip the thin tail end.	The entire drop explosively shatters into powder in a fraction of a second as the release of internal tension propagates through the glass at high speed.	94
[ "Capillary Action", "Surface Tension" ]	Physics	A straw wrapper paper tissue is crumpled into an accordion shape on a table. A drop of water is placed near one end of the crumpled paper, touching the paper.	The crumpled wrapper immediately begins expanding and crawling like a worm as water is absorbed through capillary action, causing the paper fibers to swell and straighten.	106
[ "Buoyancy", "Phase Change", "Thermal convection" ]	Physics	An empty tea bag is unfolded into a cylinder, stood upright on a plate, and lit at the top edge with a match. The cylinder burns from top to bottom.	Just as the last bit finishes burning, the remaining ash lifts off and floats upward several feet because it becomes light enough for the hot air current to carry it as a glowing ember.	101
[ "Gravity", "Inertia" ]	Physics	A glass beaker (approximately 10 cm tall) is filled with a loosely coiled metal ball chain (the type with small spherical beads connected by short rods, commonly used for key chains or lamp pulls). The beaker is positioned at the very edge of a table so that its rim is flush with or slightly overhanging the table edge. The chain is coiled in the beaker with no particular order, forming a loose pile that fills most of the beaker's volume. A person grasps one free end of the chain that extends above the pile and drapes it over the rim of the beaker, letting about 10-15 cm hang down toward the floor. The person then releases this hanging end.	Once released, the hanging portion of chain accelerates downward under gravity, pulling more chain from the beaker. However, instead of simply sliding over the rim and falling straight down, the chain exhibits a dramatic and counterintuitive behavior: it rises up out of the beaker in an elegant upward arc or "fountain" that extends 10-20 cm above the rim before curving down toward the floor. The chain continuously flows up and out of the beaker in this graceful parabolic arc, resembling a fountain of metal beads suspended in mid-air. As the chain depletes from the beaker, the fountain remains stable and consistent until nearly all the chain has been pulled out.	103
[ "Buoyancy", "Gas Laws", "Pressure" ]	Physics	A sealed plastic bottle is filled with water containing a floating eyedropper with an air bubble inside. A person squeezes the sides of the bottle.	The eyedropper immediately sinks when the bottle is squeezed, then rises again when released, as increased pressure compresses the air bubble, reducing buoyancy.	98
[ "Gravity", "Surface Tension" ]	Physics	Three strips of different materials (paper towel, cotton cloth, and plastic film) are placed with their bottom edges touching colored water in a shallow dish, standing vertically.	The water climbs up the paper towel fastest, the cotton cloth slower, and barely rises on the plastic, demonstrating different capillary action based on material properties.	92
[ "Energy Storage & Release", "Fracture", "stress‐concentration" ]	Physics	A dry spaghetti stick is held at both ends and slowly bent until it breaks.	The spaghetti breaks into three or more pieces rather than two, because stress waves from the first fracture cause additional breaks before the fragments separate.	95
[ "Acid-Base Reaction", "Elasticity" ]	Physics	A small amount of lime juice is squeezed from a lime onto the surface of an inflated rubber balloon.	The acid in the lime juice reacts with the rubber, breaking down its polymer structure. The weakened area loses elasticity, causing the balloon to pop where the juice touches it.	19
[ "Electrostatics", "Surface Tension" ]	Physics	Two beakers filled to the brim with deionized water are placed side by side, touching each other. High voltage electrodes are inserted into each beaker, and gradually the beakers are moved apart while voltage is applied.	A bridge of water forms and floats between the two beakers, defying gravity as electrostatic forces hold the water column together.	105
[ "Combustion", "flammability", "Equlibrium", "Stability", "Heat Transfer" ]	Physics	One wooden match is fixed upright on a flat surface so that it stands vertically. A second match is placed leaning diagonally against it, with their match heads touching at the top. The middle of the tilting match is then ignited.	The tilting match should start “levitating” after the match is lit. The tilted match appears to levitate because rising hot air from the burning matches produces an upward convection current that temporarily supports the lightweight, partially burned match after it detaches.	17
[ "Condensation", "Phase transitions", "Pressure" ]	Physics	A small amount of water is added to an empty plastic bottle, which is sealed with a cap. A person squeezes and twists the bottom of the bottle several times to increase internal pressure, then the cap is suddenly released.	When the pressure is released, the air inside expands and cools rapidly, causing the water vapor to condense into tiny droplets that form a visible cloud.	15
[ "Elastic Collision", "Energy Transfer", "Momentum Conservation", "Pendulum" ]	Physics	Five identical metal balls are suspended in a straight line by thin strings so that they hang just touching each other at rest. One ball on the end is pulled back and released, allowing it to swing and strike the others.	When the lifted ball strikes the row, the ball on the opposite end swings outward while the others remain nearly stationary, demonstrating conservation of momentum and energy.	16
[ "Gravity", "Wave Propagration" ]	Physics	A metal slinky is held vertically by its top end, fully extended and hanging. The top end is suddenly released and the slinky is allowed to fall freely.	The bottom of the slinky remains stationary in mid-air for a moment while the top collapses downward, until the tension release information propagates down and the whole slinky falls together.	99
[ "Combustion", "flammability", "Pressure", "Vacuum" ]	Physics	A small, lightweight copper projectile is placed between two parallel copper rails, and a high current is momentarily discharged through the rails.	The massive current creates an enormous magnetic field that exerts a powerful Lorentz Force on the projectile, propelling it forward at high speed.	8
[ "Fracture", "Resonance", "Vibration" ]	Physics	A tall, narrow wine glass is mounted to a sturdy base. A speaker placed nearby emits a loud pure tone matching the glass's resonant frequency (pre-measured and set).	Within several seconds of loud sound exposure, the glass begins vibrating visibly and suddenly shatters as resonant amplification exceeds the material's strength.	96
[ "Heat", "Magnetism" ]	Physics	A strong neodymium magnet (approximately 2-3 cm in diameter) is mounted horizontally on a rigid stand at a height of about 15 cm above a table surface. A small, thin strip or piece of pure nickel metal (approximately 1 cm x 3 cm, and less than 3 mm thick) is suspended by a thin cotton thread or fishing line from a horizontal support rod. A lit candle is positioned on the table with its flame below the nickel piece.	Initially, the hanging nickel piece is strongly attracted by the magnetic field and pulls toward the magnet, hanging at an angle rather than straight down. The nickel remains suspended in this tilted position, held by magnetic attraction. As the candle flame heats the air below, the nickel piece warms. When the nickel reaches its Curie temperature, it suddenly loses its ferromagnetic properties and becomes paramagnetic (only weakly magnetic). At this moment, the magnetic attraction abruptly disappears, and the nickel drops away from the magnet, swinging downward like a pendulum under gravity alone.	104
[ "Density", "Solubility" ]	Physics	A small amount of food coloring is mixed with oil in a cup, then poured slowly into a clear glass filled with water.	The oil remains floating on top of the water, while drops of food coloring fall through the oil layer and spread into the water, creating thin colorful strands.	18
[ "Fluid Dynamics", "Resonance", "Sound", "Sound Waves", "Vibration" ]	Physics	A flexible transparent tube carrying a steady stream of water is taped to the front of a speaker so that the open end extends outward, and water pours out of the tube. Camera view from 10 feet away, looking towards the speaker. The speaker begins to play a low-frequency sound while water continues to flow from the tube.	As the sound plays, pressure oscillations from the speaker cause the water stream to vibrate at the same frequency, forming visible spirals or standing-wave patterns that seem to move, freeze, or reverse depending on the playback frequency.	13
[ "Friction", "Inertia" ]	Physics	A playing card is placed on top of a glass, and a coin is balanced on the card directly over the glass opening. The card is flicked horizontally away from the glass with a quick motion.	The coin drops straight down into the glass rather than following the card, demonstrating inertia as the coin tends to remain at rest while the card is removed quickly.	100
[ "Equlibrium", "Stability", "Gravity", "Heat Transfer" ]	Physics	Cinematic shot of a Ruben's tube in a dark studio. A 400 Hz sine wave input causes high-pressure antinodes to modulate the methane flames, creating parabolic peaks and low-flame nodal points. The flames oscillate rapidly. 4K, precise flame height rendering.	Visualization of acoustic standing wave pressure profile via flame height variation.	14
[ "Phase Change", "Pressure" ]	Physics	An empty aluminum soda can containing a small amount of boiling water is quickly inverted and plunged open-end-down into a bowl of ice water.	The can instantly crumples and collapses with a loud bang as the steam inside rapidly condenses, creating a vacuum, and atmospheric pressure crushes the can.	97
[ "Impulse", "Pressure", "Wave Propagration" ]	Physics	A glass bottle is filled completely with water. The top of the bottle is struck straight down with a hammer.	The sudden impact sends a pressure wave through the water. Because the liquid is nearly incompressible, the force transmits downward and reflects off the bottom, causing the base of the bottle to crack or shatter and water to pour out.	20
[ "Energy Transfer", "Resonance" ]	Physics	Two identical pendulums hang from the same horizontal string or rod. One pendulum is set swinging while the other hangs still.	Within seconds, the moving pendulum begins to slow while the stationary one starts swinging, as energy transfers back and forth through the shared support via resonance.	102
[ "Buoyancy", "Surface Tension" ]	Physics	Using tweezers, a thin metal blade is gently placed flat and horizontally on the surface of still water in a glass. The blade is carefully lowered until it just touches the water surface without breaking it and then it is let go.	The blade is expected to float on the water.	10
[ "Energy Conversion", "Sound", "Sound Waves", "Vibration" ]	Physics	A bowl is covered tightly with a thin plastic sheet so that the surface is smooth and stretched evenly across the rim. A small handful of uncooked rice grains lies evenly across the plastic surface. A metal gong is then struck once a short distance away from the setup while the bowl remains stationary on a flat table.	The rice and plastic sheet should bounce up and down each time the gong is hit. The sound waves should cause the plastic sheet to vibrate	6
[ "Buoyancy", "Surface Tension" ]	Physics	A thin metal razor blade is held vertically with tweezers above a glass of still water. The tweezers then let go of the blade, dropping it edge-first into the still water.	The blade is expected to sink to the bottom of the water.	11
[ "Heat", "Heat Transfer" ]	Physics	A drop of water is carefully placed onto a metal pan heated to 250°C.	The water drop forms a perfect sphere and glides across the surface without boiling, hovering on a cushion of its own vapor that insulates it from the hot metal.	91
[ "Friction", "Impulse", "Inertia", "Momentum Conservation" ]	Physics	An apple has a long, thin wooden pole inserted through its center, with the apple sitting partway up the stick. It is held upright by a person. The person uses a hammer to deliver a few quick tap on the top end of the stick while the stick is kept straight.	The apple is expected to rise higher on the stick with each hit of the hammer.	12
[ "Gravity", "Rotational Dynamics" ]	Physics	A metal coin rests flat on a smooth tabletop. Using two fingers, the coin is turned onto its edge and is given a firm spin so that it rotates rapidly on its edge on the table.	The hand should spin the coin and the coin’s rotation should slowly start getting wider and wider due to gravity until it stops.	5
[ "Resonance", "Rotational Dynamics", "Sound", "Sound Waves", "Wave Propagration" ]	Physics	Two empty plastic bottles are attached to the ends of a horizontal wooden rod using string loops. The bottles are horizontal to the ground. The rod is balanced at its center on a pointed support so it can spin freely. A speaker is placed beneath each bottle and they produce tones at the bottles' resonant frequencies.	When the speakers emit sound at the bottles’ resonant frequency, the air inside them vibrates strongly, creating pressure differences that cause the bottles to rotate around the central support.	9
[ "Eddy Currents", "Electromagnetism" ]	Physics	A metal ring rests horizontally on top of an iron-core electromagnet coil. The coil is suddenly connected to a high-current DC power supply.	The ring rapidly jumps several feet into the air as the suddenly changing magnetic field induces a current in the ring that creates an opposing magnetic field, causing strong repulsion.	93
[ "Equlibrium", "Stability", "Friction", "Impulse", "Inertia" ]	Physics	Three empty soda cans are stacked on top of each other on a table covered with a tablecloth. The tablecloth is pulled rapidly off the table from beneath the cans.	The cans should stay on the table in the same formation while the sheet gets pulled off	7
[ "Acid-Base Reaction", "Precipitation reaction", "Protein Denaturation" ]	Chemistry	A person pours milk into a bottle of Coca-Cola and lets the bottle rest.	Milk changes colour, precipitates form, fizzing as acid meets proteins.	45
[ "Superheating", "Thermodynamics" ]	Physics	Superheated liquid water that has been heated far above its boiling point is added to a glass pitcher. A metal fork is then carefully inserted into the hot water.	When the fork touches the superheated water, its rough surface and cooler temperature provide nucleation sites, triggering sudden and rapid boiling. Steam and bubbles form explosively throughout the liquid.	21
[ "Phase transitions", "Super-cooling" ]	Physics	High-speed camera footage capturing a dense metal sphere impacting a vat of cornstarch (oobleck) at high velocity.	The fluid surface momentarily solidifies upon impact due to shear thickening, generating a large splash of non-liquid fragments. Deceleration of an object due to rapidly increasing apparent viscosity under high shear rate.	44
[ "Resonance", "Sound", "Sound Waves" ]	Physics	From a top-down view, a flat metal plate is attached horizontally to a vibration generator. A small amount of table salt is sprinkled evenly across the surface of the plate. The vibration frequency is gradually increased using a signal generator or connected smartphone.	As the frequency changes, the salt grains move and settle into distinct geometric patterns where the plate does not vibrate — the nodal lines of standing waves. Each frequency produces a unique pattern.	3
[ "Angular Momentum", "Gravity", "Gyroscopic Precession" ]	Physics	A metal spinning top is placed at the center of a smooth tabletop. It is set in rapid rotation by hand using a twist of the fingers, with the tip in contact with the surface.	The top should start making larger and larger rotations due to the torque gravity.	4
[ "Resonance", "Sound", "Sound Waves" ]	Physics	Two identical tuning forks are mounted upright on separate wooden bases placed side by side on a flat table. A light pendulum made of a small rubber ball suspended by a thin string hangs so that the ball one prong of the second tuning fork. The first tuning fork is struck gently with a rubber mallet and held near the second one, both facing each other.	The tuning fork that is not hit should vibrate and cause the ball to start moving.	2
[ "Heat", "Solubility" ]	Chemistry	A white styrofoam ball (approximately 5-8 cm in diameter) sits in a clear glass dish on a table. A person holds a bottle of acetone and pours a steady stream directly onto the top of the styrofoam ball.	When acetone is poured onto the styrofoam ball, the ball will rapidly shrink, collapse, and appear to vanish, leaving behind only a small amount of a gooey, viscous substance in the clear glass dish. As the polystyrene dissolves, the large amount of trapped air is released, often visibly as small bubbles or a fizzing effect.	90
[ "Friction", "Inertia" ]	Physics	Spin a raw egg and a cooked egg on a smooth surface; lightly stop each with a fingertip and then release.	The raw egg starts spinning again due to the fluid interior continuing to move, while the cooked egg remains at rest.	159
[ "Friction", "Gravity", "Inertia" ]	Physics	Front-on Medium Shot (looking up the incline). On a lab bench, show two straight metal rails forming a V-shape. The wide end of the "V" rests on a small block, making the entire track clearly incline upward from its narrow end. A hand places a wooden double cone (two cones joined at their bases) at the narrow, lowest point of the V-rails. 2. The hand gives the cone a gentle push.	The cone appears to roll uphill while its center of mass actually moves downward along the widening rails.	160
[ "Friction", "Inertia", "Magnetics" ]	Physics	Compare a strong magnet and a steel block sliding down the same aluminum ramp.	The magnet creeps slowly due to eddy-current drag while the steel block slides freely.	151
[ "Thermal Expansion", "thermochemistry" ]	Physics	Place ice cubes and a spoonful of salt in a clear glass of water and observe through the side as the mixture is gently stirred once.	The cup is covered in a layer of frost.	161
[ "Dispersion", "Refraction" ]	Physics	Create a warm air plume from a candle beside a cool background and pass a laser pointer’s beam just above the flame.	The beam shimmers and bends due to temperature-dependent index variations that act like moving lenses in the air.	164
[ "Gravity", "Hooke’s law", "Simple harmonic motion" ]	Physics	Mount a mass from one vertical spring and compare its oscillation to the same mass hung from two Identical springs connected end-to-end	The series-spring system oscillates with a noticeably longer period because the effective spring constant is reduced.	167
[ "Hooke’s law", "Interference" ]	Physics	Drive a taut string with a small motor at a fixed frequency and slide a movable support to change the effective length.	The pattern suddenly jumps from one mode shape to another as the length tunes through resonance conditions set by tension and elasticity.	166
[ "Interference", "Reflection", "Refraction" ]	Physics	Send a thin laser sheet into the edge of a clear acrylic block and adjust entry angle along the long face.	The beam becomes trapped by total internal reflection and forms bright nodes along the path where partial scattering interferes.	149
[ "Polarization", "Reflection", "Refraction" ]	Physics	1. A smartphone on a table displays a solid white screen. 2. A hand holds a linear polarizer sheet just above the screen, showing both the screen and a glossy reflection of an overhead lamp on the sheet's surface. 3. The hand slowly rotates the polarizer.	The screen brightness and the reflected glare extinguish at different angles because emitted polarization and reflected polarization do not match.	169
[ "Electrostatics", "Reflection" ]	Physics	Wrap the outside of a paper cup with aluminum foil connected to ground and place a small electroscope leaf inside the cup opening.	External charged objects brought near the cup produce little response inside, showing field shielding by the conductor.	157
[ "Dispersion", "Polarization", "Refraction" ]	Physics	Static close-up looking through two crossed polarizers (field is dark) on a light table. 1. A clear plastic fork is placed between the polarizers. 2. The fork is rotated slowly.	Colorful stress fringes appear and change with rotation as polarization components shift.	153
[ "Angular Momentum", "Friction", "Inertia" ]	Physics	Spin a turntable with two sliding masses near the rim and move the masses inward along radial tracks.	The rotation speeds up and the platform resists external twists because the moment of inertia decreases while angular momentum stays constant.	168
[ "Interference", "Polarization", "Reflection" ]	Physics	Arrange two linear polarizers orthogonal to each other and shine a small laser spot through them, then insert a piece of transparent tape between the sheets.	The dark field brightens where the tape sits because the film rotates polarization and creates constructive transmission patterns.	156
[ "Dispersion", "Phase Change", "Reflection" ]	Physics	Chill a metal spoon, breathe onto the surface, and hold it under a bright lamp.	Condensation forms then clears as the film evaporates, restoring a sharp reflection with subtle color tints.	155
[ "Interference", "Reflection" ]	Physics	Extreme close-up (macro) on a diffuse white card in a dim room. 1. A laser pointer illuminates a single spot. 2. The card is slowly slid laterally	The speckle texture appears to drift opposite to the card motion because of phase interference.	152
[ "Bernoulli Effect", "Gravity" ]	Physics	Fill a plastic bottle with water, puncture a vent hole near the top, and swirl the bottle while uncapping to let water drain.	A stable vortex forms and the water drains faster and smoothly because the rotating core lowers central pressure and keeps an air passage.	163
[ "Electrostatics", "Gravity" ]	Physics	After quickly rubbing a latex balloon against a wool cloth, the hand presses it firmly to the wall. The hand is then pulled away	The balloon sticks by electrostatic attraction and later falls as charge dissipates.	170
[ "Dispersion", "Interference", "Refraction" ]	Physics	Top-down macro shot on a dark lab bench. 1. A hand places a water droplet on a flat glass plate. 2. A second plate is pressed on top. 3. A white light illuminates.	Concentric colored fringes emerge as a Newton’s ring pattern from path‑length differences.	150
[ "Electromagnetism", "Inertia", "Magnetics" ]	Physics	Construct a metal ramp with alternating copper and plastic strips and slide a strong magnet from the top.	The magnet slows dramatically over copper sections yet speeds up over plastic, tracing a stop–go motion from eddy-current drag changes.	165
[ "Dispersion", "Refraction" ]	Physics	A laser beam shines through a small biaxial crystal and the camera films.	When a beam enters a biaxial crystal along a special axis, it undergoes conical refraction: the light inside splits into a hollow cone, exiting as a ring. Because different wavelengths refract differently, the ring can show color variation (dispersion).	162
[ "Gravity", "Projectile Motion" ]	Physics	Static side-view medium shot framing an entire vertical loop track on a table. 1. (First attempt) A marble is released from a low ramp height 2. (Second attempt) The marble is released from a high ramp height and successfully	1. (First attempt) A marble is released from a low ramp height and falls from the top of the loop. 2. (Second attempt) The marble is released from a high ramp height and successfully completes the loop.	154
[ "Electrolysis", "Magnetics" ]	Physics	Place a small compass at the center of a single-turn wire loop and briefly connect the loop to a coin cell.	The compass needle swings away from north while the current flows, indicating the magnetic field around the loop.	158
[ "Gravity", "Reflection" ]	Physics	Create a thin water jet from a bottle nozzle, then illuminate it with a laser sheet, later bring a charged plastic comb close to the stream.	The lit jet bows toward the comb while still descending, making the curved path obvious as charge polarizes the water.	148
[ "Gravity", "Projectile Motion" ]	Physics	From the edge of a table, a small rubber ball is launched upward at an angle using a slanted ramp.	The ball first rises and then falls along a curved parabolic path, traveling forward before hitting the ground.	146
[ "Energy Conversion", "Rotational Dynamics", "Simple circuit lighting" ]	Physics	A person is standing next to a brown table with a hand-crank that is connected to a generator and a light bulb. He begins continuously turning the hand-crank.	The light starts lighting up and flashing after the person turns the handle. The lightbulb should also pulse with respect to when the hand is doing the most motion.	1
[ "Inelastic Collision", "Kinetic Energy Loss", "Momentum Conservation" ]	Physics	Two identical-mass carts sit on a low-friction track. Both carts have Velcro pads facing each other. The right cart is pushed toward it with an initial speed.	After impact, the two carts stick and move together in the original direction at a slower speed.	135
[ "Centripetal Force", "Friction", "Inertia" ]	Physics	From a top-down view, a small ball is held at a fixed position on a spinning turntable. After the turntable reaches a steady speed, the ball is held until it rotates at the same speed as the turntable, and then it is gently released without any push.	After being released, the ball stays in its position relative to the spinning surface, it continues rotating with the same angular speed and does not slide outward.	131
[ "Centripetal Force", "Friction", "Inertia" ]	Physics	From a top-down view, a small ball is dropped onto a spinning turntable near its outer edge rather than at the center.	When the ball touches the spinning surface off-center, it immediately flies outward.	130
[ "Centripetal Force", "Inertia" ]	Physics	A billiard ball is placed inside a circular ring and rolled along the inner wall so that it moves continuously in a circular path. While the ball is rolling, the ring is suddenly lifted upward, removing the circular constraint.	The ball no longer experiences the inward centripetal force and moves straight along the tangent direction from the point where it lost contact with the ring.	144
[ "Inelastic Collision", "Kinetic Energy Loss", "Momentum Conservation" ]	Physics	Two identical-mass carts sit on a low-friction track. Both carts have Velcro pads facing each other. Both carts are pushed toward each other at the same speed.	The two carts approach, collide, and stick together at the center. Because their momenta are equal and opposite, the combined object remains at rest after collision.	136
[ "Centripetal Force", "Friction", "Inertia" ]	Physics	From a top-down view, a penny lies flat near the center of a turntable, which is then set spinning.	At first, friction keeps the penny still on the turntable. Over time, it directly slips out of the turntable.	129
[ "Acid-Base Reaction", "Indicator color change" ]	Chemistry	A glass of water is prepared, and a small amount of turmeric powder is added and stirred until the solution turns yellow. Then, a spoonful of detergent powder is added and mixed.	After adding the powder, the yellow turmeric solution turns reddish-brown.	145
[ "Gravity", "Projectile Motion" ]	Physics	From a side view, two identical balls start at the same height. One is pushed horizontally off the edge of a table, while the other is released from rest at the same instant directly above the floor.	Both balls hit the ground at the same time because their vertical motions are identical. The ball that rolled off the table lands farther horizontally since it has a non-zero horizontal velocity, while the dropped ball lands directly below its release point.	147
[ "Fluorescence", "Light Spectrum" ]	Chemistry	In a darkened room, a hand holds a UV (ultraviolet) flashlight over a clear beaker of tonic water. The invisible UV light then shines on the liquid.	The tonic water appears blue in the UV light.	54
[ "Elastic Collision", "Magnetics", "Momentum Conservation" ]	Physics	Two identical carts sit on a frictionless track. Each cart carries a magnet, and they have magnets that oppose each other. The carts are released at the same time and move toward each other at equal speed.	As the two carts approach, magnetic repulsion decelerates both equally until they momentarily stop near the center. Then, they reverse direction and move away with the same speed in opposite directions.	134
[ "Reflection", "Refraction" ]	Physics	A glass aquarium filled with water has a laser beam entering from the side film as the beam angle increases	As the laser beam’s incident angle at the water–air interface increases past the critical angle, the beam no longer leaves the water and instead is completely reflected internally, producing a bright internal glow along the interface.	188
[ "Buoyancy", "Density", "Solubility" ]	Physics	A few raisins are dropped into a clear tall glass of colorless soda.	Raisins begin rising within a few seconds as bubbles attach, then sink as bubbles pop.	118
[ "Angular Momentum", "Thermal convection" ]	Physics	Mount a candle horizontally so that it can pivot freely about its center. Light one end of the candle and allow it to burn for a short while, then light the other end as well.	After both ends are burning, the candle begins to rock, rotating back and forth.	220
[ "Chemical Reaction", "Combustion", "flammability" ]	Chemistry	Add a few spoonfuls of baking soda to the vinegar and immediately cover a jar of vinegar with a piece of cardboard. After a few seconds, remove the cardboard and carefully tilt the jar toward a few burning candles.	The flames of the candles go out even though the liquid never touches them.	216
[ "Polarization", "Refraction" ]	Physics	A car windshield under midday sunlight is filmed through a rotating polarizing filter held in front of the camera.	At the angle known as Brewster’s angle, reflected light from the glass becomes highly polarized. Rotating the analyzer reduces glare significantly when its axis aligns perpendicular to the reflected polarization component.	187
[ "Combustion", "flammability", "Density", "Precipitation reaction" ]	Chemistry	A few crystals of potassium permanganate and some concentrated sulfuric acid are carefully added into a glass of water.	The mixture sinks to the bottom, where bright flashes of light appear. The solution rapidly heats, and the color turns dark (as Mn⁷⁺ is reduced to brown/black MnO₂ solids).	112
[ "Phase transitions", "Precipitation reaction", "Thermal convection" ]	Chemistry	Two identical spoons are held horizontally at the same height above a cold white plate. One spoon contains honey that has been heated to approximately 40°C (warm but not hot), while the other spoon contains honey taken directly from the refrigerator at 4°C. Both spoons are tilted simultaneously to pour the honey onto the plate side by side.	cold honey flows much slower, while warm honey flows more easily. This difference is because temperature affects molecular motion: cold honey has less molecular energy, causing the molecules to move closer together and resist flow more (higher viscosity), whereas heating honey increases molecular energy, allowing molecules to move further apart and flow more freely (lower viscosity).	125
[ "Diffraction", "Interference" ]	Physics	A laser pointer shines through a circular pinhole cut in aluminum foil and projects a pattern onto a distant white wall.	The pinhole causes the coherent laser beam to diffract and the overlapping wavefronts interfere to form concentric ring patterns (Airy-disk style) whose spacing depends on wavelength and aperture size.	178
[ "Magnetics", "Nano Science" ]	Physics	Bring a magnet close to a Petri dish containing ferrofluid and observe how the fluid reacts to the magnetic field.	The alignment of particles causes the fluid to form spike-like patterns that trace the invisible magnetic field lines around the magnet.	222
[ "Electromagnetism", "Simple harmonic motion" ]	Physics	Tie a neodymium magnet to a string so it can swing freely like a pendulum. Place aluminum plates beneath it, leaving a small gap at the lowest point of the swing. Pull the magnet to about a 45 degree angle, then release it.	The magnet swings toward the aluminum plates but slows down quickly and does not complete as many oscillations as expected, showing significant damping of motion.	229
[ "Non-Newtonian Fluid", "Sound Waves", "Viscosity" ]	Physics	A colorful, liquid-like substance (oobleck) is spread across the surface of a large speaker cone. When a low-frequency sound wave is played, the vibrations apply a sudden force. Then the sound stops.	As the speaker vibrates at low frequencies, the oobleck stiffens and leaps into motion, forming solid-like spikes and writhing tendrils in sync with the sound waves. When the vibrations stop, the shear stress vanishes, and the material relaxes back into a smooth, liquid state — vividly showing its Non-Newtonian behavior.	57
[ "Redox Reaction", "Thermal conduction" ]	Chemistry	A small beaker with potassium iodide solution pours into a tall narrow flask with dyed soapy hydrogen peroxide.	A thick foam jets up immediately and keeps expanding for several seconds.	119
[ "Interference", "Polarization" ]	Physics	A plastic film is placed between two crossed polarizing filters and illuminated by a white flashlight; the film is slowly twisted while being recorded.	The film’s birefringence splits light into components that interfere after passing through the analyzer. Rotation changes retardation, producing colored interference fringes dependent on polarization angle.	173
[ "Buoyancy", "Density", "Emulsion" ]	Physics	A small piece of effervescent tablet is dropped into a tall clear bottle with a layer of red-colored water below a layer of yellow oil.	Colored blobs rise as bubbles carry them, then sink when bubbles pop.	114
[ "Angular Momentum" ]	Physics	A flat circular disk spins, like a merry-go-round. A person stands at the center of this spinning disk. The person walks straight outward across the disk toward its edge.	When a person walks straight outward on a spinning disk, the disk slows down and the person follows a curved path due to the conservation of angular momentum and the Coriolis effect.	87
[ "Emulsion", "Tyndall Effect" ]	Physics	In a dimly lit room, direct a narrow beam of light (from a laser pointer) through the side of a beaker containing the water–milk mixture. Place a ceramic mug behind the beaker, viewed from the side, to provide a contrasting background for observing the scattered light.	The beam of light becomes visible within the beaker due to scattering by the milk particles.	211
[ "Air pocket", "Buoyancy", "pressure equilibrium" ]	Physics	A scrunched-up paper towel is placed in a glass. The glass is then submerged top first (upside-down) into a glass tank filled with water. The glass is then taken out of the tank, and the paper towel is removed from the glass. The person shows the condition of the paper towel to the camera.	Paper towel stays dry under inverted glass in water.	49
[ "Combustion", "flammability", "Redox Reaction", "Thermal convection" ]	Chemistry	A few drops of water are added to a small pile of powdered aluminum and iodine crystals in a shallow dish.	No reactions before; After water is added, the mixture spontaneously ignites with a violet-blue flash and smoke.	113
[ "Acid-Base Reaction", "Indicator color change" ]	Chemistry	Two cups are prepared: one with vinegar and one with baking soda. Red-cabbage indicator solution is added to each to observe the color change.	The indicator turns pink in the vinegar cup (acidic) and blue in the baking soda cup (basic). Over time, the baking soda may also decolorize the indicator due to oxidation.	140
[ "Newton's Laws", "Pressure" ]	Physics	A clear acrylic rod is immersed in a container of oil , and the scene is filmed from the side.	When the refractive index of the rod matches that of the surrounding oil, light passes through with minimal refraction or reflection, making the rod nearly invisible.	218
[ "Heat Capacity", "Thermal convection" ]	Physics	Add a small amount of water to a balloon and then inflate it quickly to a moderate size. Bring the inflated balloon close to the flame of a lit candle.	Unlike an empty balloon which bursts almost immediately, the balloon containing water resists popping for a longer time.	213
[ "Deformation", "Structural Physics" ]	Physics	Fold a money bill several times lengthwise and position it so that it bridges the gap between two glasses placed close together. Then, gently place an empty glass on top of the folded bill at the midpoint between the two supporting glasses.	The paper bill can now better support the third glass.	224
[ "Diffraction", "Interference" ]	Physics	A beam of white light shines through a transparent periodic grid (such as a fine mesh or diffraction grating) and the camera films successive self‑images of the grid projected onto a screen as distance changes.	When coherent light passes through a periodic grating, at certain distances the pattern of the grating is reproduced (“self‑images”) due to near‑field diffraction and interference (the Talbot effect). The projected grid appears, then disappears, then re‑appears at integer fractions of the Talbot length.	190
[ "Dispersion", "Refraction" ]	Physics	A sample of artificial metamaterial (a negative-refractive-index medium) is used, and a laser beam passes through the transparent slab of this metamaterial.	In the metamaterial slab the refractive index is engineered to be negative; incoming light is bent opposite the usual direction, and different wavelengths refract differently, producing a reversed-spectrum spread on the screen.	182
[ "Light", "Refraction", "Total Internal Reflection" ]	Physics	In a dark room, a red laser beam is aimed through the side of a clear water bottle. A stream of water is poured from a hole on the opposite side such that the laser beam enters the water stream.	When the laser passes through the hole and into the flowing water, the beam bends and follows the curve of the stream instead of traveling straight — appearing as if the light is “flowing” with the water. This striking effect occurs due to total internal reflection, where the light continually reflects within the water–air boundary.	60
[ "Short Circuit", "Surface oxidation" ]	Chemistry	A piece of aluminum foil briefly touches both terminals of a 9 V battery.	The hot metal reacts with oxygen in the air, producing a small spark, flash, or faint smoke, depending on thickness.	142

End of preview. Expand in Data Studio

VideoScienceBench

A benchmark for evaluating video understanding and scientific reasoning in vision-language models. Each example pairs a textual description of an experiment (what is shown) with the correct scientific explanation (expected phenomenon).

Dataset Summary

Attribute	Value
Examples	160
Domains	Physics, Chemistry
Format	JSONL (prompt + expected phenomenon + vid)

Data Creation Pipeline

Each researcher selects two or more scientific concepts and references relevant educational materials or videos to design a prompt. Prompts undergo peer and model review, followed by model-based quality checking, before being finalized for dataset inclusion.

Dataset Structure

Each line is a JSON object with:

Field	Type	Description
keywords	list[str]	Relevant scientific concepts
field	str	Scientific discipline (e.g., Physics)
prompt	str	Textual description of what is shown in the video/experiment
expected phenomenon	str	The correct scientific explanation
vid	str	Video identifier

Example

{
  "keywords": ["Buoyancy", "Gas Laws", "Pressure"],
  "field": "Physics",
  "prompt": "A sealed plastic bottle is filled with water containing a floating eyedropper with an air bubble inside. A person squeezes the sides of the bottle.",
  "expected phenomenon": "The eyedropper immediately sinks when the bottle is squeezed, then rises again when released, as increased pressure compresses the air bubble, reducing buoyancy.",
  "vid": "98"
}

Usage

from datasets import load_dataset

dataset = load_dataset("lmgame/VideoScienceBench")
# Access the test split (configured in the dataset card)
data = dataset["test"]

License

MIT

Downloads last month: 40

Size of downloaded dataset files:

74.5 kB

Size of the auto-converted Parquet files:

44.8 kB

Number of rows:

160